February 2025 - nexa - server-nexa.polito.it

A journey through the hyper-political world of microchips

by Alberto Cammozzo

Neutro a chi? <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/feb/28/inside-the-mind-bending-…> A small town in the Netherlands hosts the only factory that produces the only chip-making machines that generate a type of light found nowhere naturally on Earth: extreme ultraviolet, a light emitted by young stars in outer space. This light, known as EUV, is the only way to make one of the world’s most valuable and important technologies at scale: cutting-edge semiconductor chips. The factory is forbidden from selling its EUV machines to China. Below we explain how the chips are made, why they have become the focus of the US-China trade wars, how Taiwan was drawn into the maelstrom, and what could come next. The answers take us from deep underground to outer space, from the dirtiest places in the world to the cleanest, from the hottest temperatures to the coldest, from man-made structures smaller than a virus to equipment so large it takes three planes to move, and finally, to a state in physics that is two opposites at the same time. How are they made? Chips are made up of layers of thin, flat pieces of silicon – called wafers – that hold electric circuits. These circuits are comprised of billions of switches called transistors. Highly complex, powerful chips containing these networks of transistors are commonly referred to as semiconductors. If you want to make semiconductors, you’ll need $380m. This is the cost of the latest EUV machine from Advanced Semiconductor Materials Lithography (ASML). Shipping is a nightmare: the machine is so large and so delicate that it requires 40 freight containers, three cargo planes and 20 trucks to transport it from the Dutch factory in Veldhoven. All this to create and focus light with wavelengths almost as short as X-rays, with enough energy to penetrate solid objects. Chipmakers strive to meet a prediction called Moore’s law: that capacity – or the number of transistors on a chip – tends to double every two years. If chips are to stay the same size, and ideally get smaller, this means that transistors must be ever finer. ASML’s machine carves the patterns into the silicon wafers that hold the transistors. The finer the patterns, the more computing power you can pack on to a chip. Marc Assinck, a company spokesperson, likens light wavelengths to the thickness of a pen stroke. The more detail you want on a page, the thinner your pen should be. EUV light has a wavelength so narrow that it is invisible to the human eye and passes right through most materials. The light is produced by firing a laser at microscopic balls of tin. The tin evaporates into plasma, and the plasma emits light, which is moved through the lithography machine, hitting specially made mirrors. The light is shone through a “mask”, which is the pattern of one layer of a chip, on to the wafer. The area exposed to light hardens and the area not exposed is dissolved in a chemical solution, leaving behind a 3D pattern. Think of a chip like a building with 100 floors. Each building takes four months to produce, and each floor has its own layout, only the features of this layout can be just 25 nanometres: smaller than particles of influenza viruses, which are about 100 nanometres. EUV and other lithography machines carve the patterns of these layers, one by one. The machines aren’t easy to make. Like chips themselves, they’re assembled in dust-free rooms, the cleanest spaces on earth. Chips function at the level of atoms: a single speck of dust can render them useless. Why is Taiwan so important? ASML makes the machines that make chips, but it doesn’t make the chips themselves. That is done, chiefly, by another remarkable company with another unremarkable name: TSMC, or Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, which produces nine in every 10 of the world’s most advanced semiconductors – including those that power iPhones. Because Taiwan makes and supplies so many of the US’s semiconductor chips, the US has an added interest in protecting Taiwan amid concerns that China will invade. In 2022, the US convinced the Dutch government to place export controls on ASML’s machines, restricting their sale to China. To date, ASML says, no EUV lithography machines have been shipped to China, which means that unless – or until – it invents its own EUV lithography machines, China will be working with technology a few years older, and less powerful, than that of western countries – deep ultraviolet lithography, for example, instead of extreme ultraviolet. These machines can still produce very complex chips at scale – just not as complex. Artificial intelligence, another technology in which the US and China are fiercely competing to advance, relies on among the world’s most complex and powerful semiconductor chips. The leading designer of these chips is an American company called Nvidia. Its chips are produced by TSMC on machines made by ASML. China’s lack of access to EUV lithography explains why the debut of the Chinese chatbot DeepSeek came as such a shock to markets. A Chinese company produced a product as powerful as Chat GPT with less advanced – cheaper – technology. DeepSeek claims that it cost just $6m to train, compared with the billions of dollars spent by US companies to do the same thing. “The US believes that AI will be a transformative technology, impacting nearly every sector of the economy,” says Chris Miller, the author of Chip War: the Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology. “So it doesn’t want China to gain an advantage.” It is also crucial for defence and intelligence. The Chinese People’s Liberation Army has made “significant progress” in its efforts to use AI in combat in recent years, according to the Centre for Security and Emerging Technology. But not everyone believes that China’s access to ASML’s machines should be restricted, including ASML. Asked at a Bloomberg conference in October how much the restrictions were really about security threats, its CEO, Christophe Fouquet, said: “More and more people are asking themselves this exact question … Is it really about national security?” The debate might not need to continue for long: in 2024, Chinese company Shanghai Micro Electronics Company (SMIC) revealed that, a year earlier, it had filed a patent for an EUV lithography machine. Where do rare earths come in? China boasts other advantages over western countries in the race to produce chips. In addition to silicon, semiconductors require so-called “rare earths” – in particular, germanium and gallium. By 2030, Gallium demand is projected to increase more than 350% from 2015 levels. Germanium demand is expected to double over the same period. China produces 98% of the world’s raw gallium, and more than two-thirds of the world’s raw germanium. This is one reason why Donald Trump is pressuring Ukraine into handing over its rare earths in exchange for aid, and why, after Trump’s first meeting with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, the pair announced they had agreed to launch “a recovery and processing initiative” for rare earths. Will quantum chips change everything? Then there are quantum chips. Quantum chips would, in theory, allow computers to solve problems much, much faster than the world’s current super computers. This is because instead of being the equivalent of on or off, or a zero or a one, quantum chips can be both states at once – and every state between. A common explanation is a maze: a normal computer would find the path through a maze by testing each option, one after the other. A quantum computer could test all of them at once. So far, quantum computing has been achieved only in limited circumstances. But Microsoft announced this month that it had built a chip that could mean quantum computers might be built within years rather than decades. Meanwhile, China’s public spending on quantum technology is four times that of the US, according to the Mercator Institute of China Studies, a European thinktank. And the chips are not made with EUV machines. Instead, quantum chips are made by machines that carve patterns into chips using electrons. And China has these machines. China also has a resource often overlooked in the chip debates, says David Reilly, professor of physics and the head of the University of Sydney’s quantum programme. “The key to all of this is people,” he says. Breakthroughs happen because people see a need, and know what the existing ways to meet that need are, and can imagine what they might be. “There are a lot of smart people in China. They produce a lot of Stem graduates,” he says. And those graduates tend to do undergraduate or postgraduate degrees at the top US, Australian, European universities before returning. “I don’t want to say governments are sort of blind to that, but we do focus a lot on the transfer of tangible stuff,” he says. “Inventions don’t happen in a vacuum.”

Feb. 28, 2025

Incontro "Anticipatory compliance: come utilizzare i futuri per navigare l'incertezza normativa nell'epoca dei dati" | 21 marzo 2025

by Nexa - Media

Gentilissime, gentilissimi, Vi invitiamo a partecipare ad un evento dal titolo “Anticipatory compliance: come utilizzare i futuri per navigare l'incertezza normativa nell'epoca dei dati”, che si terrà venerdì 21 marzo, dalle ore 14.30 alle ore 17.30. Come può il foresight trasformare l’approccio alla compliance normativa in materia di protezione dei dati personali? Durante questo incontro, attraverso l’analisi di iniziative pionieristiche, verrà esplorato il valore della previsione strategica per affrontare le sfide di un contesto tecnologico e regolamentare incerto ed in continua evoluzione. Interverranno all’incontro: Stefano Leucci (Director – Mobilisights & Fellow – Privacy 4 Futures) Gabriele Rizzo (Executive Partner – Longviews & Fellow – Privacy 4 Futures) Alberto Robiati (Director – ForwardTo) Alessandro Ortalda (Founder – Experirē strategy&advisory & Fellow – Privacy 4 Futures) Giuseppe Vaciago (Partner – 42 Law Firm & Fellow – Privacy 4 Futures) Anna Cataleta (Senior Partner – Partners4Innovation & Fellow – Privacy 4 Futures) Antonio Santangelo (Senior research fellow del Centro Nexa – Università di Torino) L’evento si terrà IN PRESENZA e ONLINE. SEDE FISICA: Centro Nexa su Internet & Società, Politecnico di Torino (Via Boggio 65/a, Torino – 1° piano). Per accedere alla sala si raccomanda di suonare al citofono Portineria e di seguire le indicazioni segnalate lungo il percorso. QUI<https://nexa.polito.it/contatti> maggiori informazioni su come raggiungerci. STANZA VIRTUALE: https://didattica.polito.it/VClass/NexaEvent La partecipazione è libera e gratuita previa registrazione (entro sabato 8 marzo) al seguente link: EVENTBRITE<https://www.eventbrite.com/e/anticipatory-compliance-come-utilizzare-i-futu…> Per maggiori informazioni è possibile consultare la pagina web dedicata all’incontro: https://nexa.polito.it/anticipatory-compliance Vi ringraziamo per l'attenzione, Cordiali saluti, -- Valeria Bergantino Communication Manager Nexa Center for Internet & Society Politecnico di Torino - DAUIN Via Pier Carlo Boggio, 65/A - 10138 Torino web: https://nexa.polito.it/ mail: valeria.bergantino(a)polito.it<mailto:valeria.bergantino@polito.it> tel: 3473443585

Feb. 28, 2025

Re: [nexa] [OT] The Geopolitics of Peace (this is Karmageddon).

by Giovanni Leghissa

trovo anch'io estremamente interessante il discorso di Sachs - per quel che ne posso capire, le cose che dice erano già note a chiunque avesse seguito con un po' di attenzione il corso della geopolitica degli ultimi decenni. ma la sintesi che ne fa è molto illuminante Il giorno ven 28 feb 2025 alle ore 14:53 380° via nexa < nexa(a)server-nexa.polito.it> ha scritto: > Buongiorno, > > scusate per l'OT ma quanto raccontato (sotto) ha avuto un impatto > determinante (anche) sul _perché_ e percome la tecnologia - incluso > ovviamente "il digitale" - è stata progettata, sviluppata e utilizzata > negli ultimi 30 anni. > > Lo scorso 19 Febbraio Jeffrey Sachs [1] ha tenuto un discorso a mio > avviso storico al parlamento europeo, nel quale riassume in modo > estremamente efficiente ed efficace cosa è davvero successo dal 1990 > fino al 20 Gennaio 2025. Sotto trovate il link e le cose che a mio > avviso sono le più significative. > > Per come lo leggo io, sostanzialmente il suo discorso illustra la > (nota?) strategia adottata dagli states per dominare unilateralmente la > Terra dopo lo scioglimento del Patto di Varsavia, strategia che è la > stessa adottata dalla classe dominante negli ultimi 5000 anni, perché è > il suo karma: siccome le risorse sono scarse per sopravvivere dobbiamo > (cioè _dovete_) combattere per il Lebensraum (si veda l'ultimo paragrafo > della trascrizione sotto). > > ...ora però è probabile che sia iniziato il Karmageddon! :-D > > «Welcome to the chaos of the times > If you go left and I go right > Pray we make it out alive > This is Karmageddon» > (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y29kmnhjtc8) > > «Professor Jeffrey Sachs: Speech at European Parliament on February 19, > 2025» > > https://www.other-news.info/edited-transcript-professor-jeffrey-sachs-the-g… > > --8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8--- > > Edited transcript of Professor Jeffrey Sachs’ speech in the European > Parliament at an event titled “The Geopolitics of Peace”, hosted by > former UN Assistant Secretary General and current BSW MEP Michael von > der Schulenburg, on February 19, 2025. The transcript has been edited > for clarity and annotated in footnotes and hyperlinks. The unedited > transcript and audio version is here [2] > > [...] The United States came to the view, especially during 1990-91, and > then with the end of the Soviet Union, that the US now runs the world, > and that the US does not have to heed anybody’s views, red-lines, > concerns, security viewpoints, international obligations, or any UN > framework. I’m sorry to put it so plainly, but I do want you to > understand. > > [...] What happened after 1991, and to bring us to 2008, is that the > United States decided that unipolarity meant that NATO would enlarge > somewhere from Brussels to Vladivostok, step by step. > > [...] Neutrality is perhaps the dirtiest word according to the US > mindset. If you’re an enemy, we know you’re an enemy. If you are > neutral, you are a subversive, because you’re really against us, but > just not telling us. You’re only pretending to be neutral. > > [...] So, the decision was taken by Clinton in 1994 to expand NATO all > the way to Ukraine. This is a long-term US project. This is not due to > one administration or another. This is a US government project that > started more than 30 years ago. > > [...] Because one thing about America is we always “know” what our > counterparts are going to do, and we always get it wrong! And one reason > we always get it wrong is that in the non-cooperative game theory that > the American strategists play, you don’t actually talk to the other > side. > > [...] A thirty-year project. Ukraine and Georgia were the keys to the > project. Why? Because America learned everything it knows from the > British. We are the wannabe British Empire. > > [...] The American political system is a system of image. It’s a system > of media manipulation every day. It is a PR system. You could have a > president that basically doesn’t function and have that person in power > for two years and run for reelection. The one thing is he had to stand > on a stage for 90 minutes by himself, and that was the end of it. > > [...] Bombing Belgrade 78 straight days in 1999 was part of this > project. Splitting apart that country when borders are “sacrosanct,” > aren’t they? Except for Kosovo, that is. Borders are sacrosanct except > when America changes them. Breaking apart Sudan was another related US > project. Consider the South Sudan rebellion. Did that just happen > because South Sudanese rebelled? Or shall I give you the CIA playbook? > > Let us please understand as grown-ups what this is about. Military > campaigns are costly. They require equipment, training, base camps, > intelligence, finance. That support comes from big powers. It doesn’t > come from local insurrections. South Sudan did not defeat Sudan in a > tribal battle. > > [...] NATO enlargement, as you know, started in 1999 with Hungary, > Poland, and the Czech Republic. Russia was extremely unhappy about it > > [...] So, these are long-term US projects. It’s wrong to ask, “Is it > Clinton? Is it Bush? Is it Obama?” That’s the boring way to look at > American politics, as a day-to-day or year-to-year game. Yet that’s not > what American politics is. > > After 1999, the next round of NATO enlargement came in 2004 with seven > more countries: the three Baltic states, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, > and Slovakia. At this point, Russia was pretty upset. > > [...] The idea that Putin is reconstructing the Russian empire is > childish propaganda. > > [...] There have been around one hundred regime-change operations by the > US since 1947, many in your countries [speaking to the MEPs] and many > all over the world.(*16) That’s what the CIA does for a living. Please > know it. It’s a very unusual kind of foreign policy. In the American > Government, if you don’t like the other side, you don’t negotiate with > them, you try to overthrow them, preferably, covertly. If it doesn’t > work covertly, you do it overtly. You always say it’s not our > fault. They’re the aggressor. They’re the other side. > > They’re “Hitler.” That comes up every two or three years. Whether it’s > Saddam Hussein, whether it’s Assad, whether it’s Putin, that’s very > convenient. That’s the only foreign policy explanation the American > people are ever given. [...] The mass media repeats it entirely because > it’s completely suborned by the US government. > > [...] [The Maidan Revolution] Ladies and gentlemen, please, how did all > those Ukrainian media outlets suddenly appear at the time of the Maidan? > Where did all this organization come from? Where did all these buses > come from? Where did all those people come from? Are you kidding? This > is an organized effort. And it’s not a secret, except perhaps to > citizens of Europe and the United States. Everyone else understands it > quite clearly. > > [...] if we put our minds, our resources and our energies towards it, we > can transform the world energy system for climate safety. We can protect > biodiversity. We can ensure every child gets a quality education. We can > do so many wonderful things right now. What do we need for success? In > my view, most importantly, we need peace. And my basic point is there > are no deep reasons for conflict anywhere because every conflict I study > is just a mistake. We are not struggling for Lebensraum. That idea, > which essentially came from Malthus and later became a Nazi idea, was > always wrong, a fundamental intellectual mistake. We have had race wars, > national wars of survival, out of the fear that we don’t have enough for > everybody on this planet, so that we are in a struggle for survival. As > an economist, I can tell you, we have plenty on the planet for > everybody’s sustainable development. Plenty. > > --8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8--- > > [1] che per i distratti è uno che a _tutti_ i più potenti personaggi > geopolicici gli da del tu _e_ che è stato personalmente presente a quasi > tutti gli incontri che contano dal 1990 a oggi > > [2] > https://singjupost.com/transcript-jeffrey-sachs-on-the-geopolitics-of-peace… > > > > -- > 380° (lost in /traslation/) > > «Welcome to the chaos of the times > If you go left and I go right > Pray we make it out alive > This is Karmageddon» >

Feb. 28, 2025

[OT] The Geopolitics of Peace (this is Karmageddon).

by 380°

Buongiorno, scusate per l'OT ma quanto raccontato (sotto) ha avuto un impatto determinante (anche) sul _perché_ e percome la tecnologia - incluso ovviamente "il digitale" - è stata progettata, sviluppata e utilizzata negli ultimi 30 anni. Lo scorso 19 Febbraio Jeffrey Sachs [1] ha tenuto un discorso a mio avviso storico al parlamento europeo, nel quale riassume in modo estremamente efficiente ed efficace cosa è davvero successo dal 1990 fino al 20 Gennaio 2025. Sotto trovate il link e le cose che a mio avviso sono le più significative. Per come lo leggo io, sostanzialmente il suo discorso illustra la (nota?) strategia adottata dagli states per dominare unilateralmente la Terra dopo lo scioglimento del Patto di Varsavia, strategia che è la stessa adottata dalla classe dominante negli ultimi 5000 anni, perché è il suo karma: siccome le risorse sono scarse per sopravvivere dobbiamo (cioè _dovete_) combattere per il Lebensraum (si veda l'ultimo paragrafo della trascrizione sotto). ...ora però è probabile che sia iniziato il Karmageddon! :-D «Welcome to the chaos of the times If you go left and I go right Pray we make it out alive This is Karmageddon» (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y29kmnhjtc8) «Professor Jeffrey Sachs: Speech at European Parliament on February 19, 2025» https://www.other-news.info/edited-transcript-professor-jeffrey-sachs-the-g… --8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8--- Edited transcript of Professor Jeffrey Sachs’ speech in the European Parliament at an event titled “The Geopolitics of Peace”, hosted by former UN Assistant Secretary General and current BSW MEP Michael von der Schulenburg, on February 19, 2025. The transcript has been edited for clarity and annotated in footnotes and hyperlinks. The unedited transcript and audio version is here [2] [...] The United States came to the view, especially during 1990-91, and then with the end of the Soviet Union, that the US now runs the world, and that the US does not have to heed anybody’s views, red-lines, concerns, security viewpoints, international obligations, or any UN framework. I’m sorry to put it so plainly, but I do want you to understand. [...] What happened after 1991, and to bring us to 2008, is that the United States decided that unipolarity meant that NATO would enlarge somewhere from Brussels to Vladivostok, step by step. [...] Neutrality is perhaps the dirtiest word according to the US mindset. If you’re an enemy, we know you’re an enemy. If you are neutral, you are a subversive, because you’re really against us, but just not telling us. You’re only pretending to be neutral. [...] So, the decision was taken by Clinton in 1994 to expand NATO all the way to Ukraine. This is a long-term US project. This is not due to one administration or another. This is a US government project that started more than 30 years ago. [...] Because one thing about America is we always “know” what our counterparts are going to do, and we always get it wrong! And one reason we always get it wrong is that in the non-cooperative game theory that the American strategists play, you don’t actually talk to the other side. [...] A thirty-year project. Ukraine and Georgia were the keys to the project. Why? Because America learned everything it knows from the British. We are the wannabe British Empire. [...] The American political system is a system of image. It’s a system of media manipulation every day. It is a PR system. You could have a president that basically doesn’t function and have that person in power for two years and run for reelection. The one thing is he had to stand on a stage for 90 minutes by himself, and that was the end of it. [...] Bombing Belgrade 78 straight days in 1999 was part of this project. Splitting apart that country when borders are “sacrosanct,” aren’t they? Except for Kosovo, that is. Borders are sacrosanct except when America changes them. Breaking apart Sudan was another related US project. Consider the South Sudan rebellion. Did that just happen because South Sudanese rebelled? Or shall I give you the CIA playbook? Let us please understand as grown-ups what this is about. Military campaigns are costly. They require equipment, training, base camps, intelligence, finance. That support comes from big powers. It doesn’t come from local insurrections. South Sudan did not defeat Sudan in a tribal battle. [...] NATO enlargement, as you know, started in 1999 with Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic. Russia was extremely unhappy about it [...] So, these are long-term US projects. It’s wrong to ask, “Is it Clinton? Is it Bush? Is it Obama?” That’s the boring way to look at American politics, as a day-to-day or year-to-year game. Yet that’s not what American politics is. After 1999, the next round of NATO enlargement came in 2004 with seven more countries: the three Baltic states, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Slovakia. At this point, Russia was pretty upset. [...] The idea that Putin is reconstructing the Russian empire is childish propaganda. [...] There have been around one hundred regime-change operations by the US since 1947, many in your countries [speaking to the MEPs] and many all over the world.(*16) That’s what the CIA does for a living. Please know it. It’s a very unusual kind of foreign policy. In the American Government, if you don’t like the other side, you don’t negotiate with them, you try to overthrow them, preferably, covertly. If it doesn’t work covertly, you do it overtly. You always say it’s not our fault. They’re the aggressor. They’re the other side. They’re “Hitler.” That comes up every two or three years. Whether it’s Saddam Hussein, whether it’s Assad, whether it’s Putin, that’s very convenient. That’s the only foreign policy explanation the American people are ever given. [...] The mass media repeats it entirely because it’s completely suborned by the US government. [...] [The Maidan Revolution] Ladies and gentlemen, please, how did all those Ukrainian media outlets suddenly appear at the time of the Maidan? Where did all this organization come from? Where did all these buses come from? Where did all those people come from? Are you kidding? This is an organized effort. And it’s not a secret, except perhaps to citizens of Europe and the United States. Everyone else understands it quite clearly. [...] if we put our minds, our resources and our energies towards it, we can transform the world energy system for climate safety. We can protect biodiversity. We can ensure every child gets a quality education. We can do so many wonderful things right now. What do we need for success? In my view, most importantly, we need peace. And my basic point is there are no deep reasons for conflict anywhere because every conflict I study is just a mistake. We are not struggling for Lebensraum. That idea, which essentially came from Malthus and later became a Nazi idea, was always wrong, a fundamental intellectual mistake. We have had race wars, national wars of survival, out of the fear that we don’t have enough for everybody on this planet, so that we are in a struggle for survival. As an economist, I can tell you, we have plenty on the planet for everybody’s sustainable development. Plenty. --8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8--- [1] che per i distratti è uno che a _tutti_ i più potenti personaggi geopolicici gli da del tu _e_ che è stato personalmente presente a quasi tutti gli incontri che contano dal 1990 a oggi [2] https://singjupost.com/transcript-jeffrey-sachs-on-the-geopolitics-of-peace… -- 380° (lost in /traslation/) «Welcome to the chaos of the times If you go left and I go right Pray we make it out alive This is Karmageddon»

Feb. 28, 2025

11 marzo 2025 - H 09:00/13:00 - Convegno CNR "Le nuove regole deontologiche per i trattamenti ai fini statistici o di ricerca"

by Gianluca Fasano

Gentilissime, gentilissimi, Vi ricordiamo che *martedì 11 marzo*, alle ore 09.00, si terrà il convegno “/Le nuove regole deontologiche per i trattamenti ai fini statistici o di ricerca: sfide e prospettive alla luce dell'evoluzione normativa europea/”, presso la sede del *Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche*, piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Roma. L’evento rappresenta un’importante occasione per favorire un dibattito consapevole su una disciplina essenziale per la competitività e l’attrattività della ricerca italiana. Per la prima volta, tali regole saranno definite attraverso un processo di*co-regolazione partecipata*, che coinvolge non solo gli stakeholders e la comunità scientifica, ma anche la società civile. Il convegno è patrocinato dal Garante privacy e dal BBMRI (Nodo Nazionale della Infrastruttura di Ricerca Europea delle Biobanche). Il*programma* dettagliato dell’evento è in allegato. Per confermare la vostra partecipazione, vi preghiamo di registrarvi al seguenteLink registrazione <https://forms.office.com/e/1ct78f4wiX>. Un cordiale saluto. Per il comitato. Gianluca Fasano

Feb. 28, 2025

Re: [nexa] Tutto quello che i linguisti computazionali avrebbero voluto sapere sul linguaggio ma non hanno avuto il coraggio di chiedere

by Giuseppe Attardi

Concordo pienamente. Forse manca un riferimento al meccanismo dell’attention, la parte cruciale dei Transformer (Attention is all you need), oltre ai word embedding al loro primo livello, che forniscono la rappresentazione frattale del significato delle parole. La attention è quella che esprime relazioni tra le parole, come quelle a lungo raggio che citi. Sono relazioni sia di tipo sintattico che semantico (anafora) e contestuali. Ad esempio con le sonde sintattiche, Hewitt e Manning mostrano che dalle matrici di attention del livello 6 di un Transformer si può ricostruire l’albero sintattico a dipendenze. Quindi i LLM acquisiscono conoscenze linguistiche, diverse da quelle proposte dai linguisti e in modo diverso da come le insegnamo noi ai bambini e tentavamo di fare coi programmi. Ho seguito discussioni infinite tra linguisti su come scegliere POS e Dependency tags e come annotare questo e quel fenomeno, che alla fine sono risultate del tutto inutili, perché i LLM ne fanno del tutto a meno. Stiamo uscendo dalla fase dell’imitazione da parte delle macchine, quando si cercava di insegnare a loro di imitarci. Ora siamo nella fase della scoperta autonoma, dove le macchine imparano da sole, a modo loro, cose che non conosciamo e che quindi non potremmo insegnargli. — > On 26 Feb 2025, at 12:00, nexa-request(a)server-nexa.polito.it wrote: > > From: Guido Boella <guido.boella(a)unito.it> > To: nexa(a)server-nexa.polito.it > Subject: [nexa] Tutto quello che i linguisti computazionali avrebbero > voluto sapere sul linguaggio ma non hanno avuto il coraggio di > chiedere > Message-ID: > <CAA8c75V1gv4z7Uuoe2qVBLUyM0BoC0YSK=TnNqhu3Y6ba=m1_Q(a)mail.gmail.com> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" > > Carissime e carissimi > > segnalo articolo su TuttoScienze > https://www.lastampa.it/tuttoscienze/2025/02/26/news/tutto_quello_che_i_lin… > > la cui versione completa potete trovare sul Magazine Intelligenza > Artificiale magia.news > https://magia.news/tutto-quello-che-i-linguisti-computazionali-avrebbero-vo… > > saluti > Guido

Feb. 27, 2025

Consultazione pubblica su "Linee guida per la digitalizzazione 3D di beni storico-artistici e museali" - ParteciPa

by Antonio Vetro'

Segnalo questa consultazione pubblica, qualora in lista ci sia qualcuno che segue la digitalizzazione dei beni artistici e museali: L’obiettivo della consultazione è di raccogliere contributi e commenti sulle Linee guida pe la digitalizzazione 3D di beni storico-artistici e museali che costituiscono un'appendice tecnica delle Linee guida per la Digitalizzazione del patrimonio culturale allegato 1 del Piano nazionale di digitalizzazione (PND) https://partecipa.gov.it/processes/Linee-Guida-Digitalizzazione-3D A.

Feb. 27, 2025

Re: [nexa] Tutto quello che i linguisti computazionali avrebbero voluto sapere sul linguaggio ma non hanno avuto il coraggio di chiedere

by Italo Vignoli

Scusate, ovviamente inviato per errore. On 2/26/25 13:20, Italo Vignoli wrote: > This is a Windows problem, not a LibreOffice problem. > > You should reinstall the Visual C++ Redistributable from the Microsoft > website and restart your PC. The missing or corrupted DLL is part of > that software, and the issue is not related to the installation or the > usage of LibreOffice. > > https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/windows/latest-supported-vc- > redist?view=msvc-170 > > Best regards. > > > On 2/26/25 08:10, Guido Boella via nexa wrote: >> Carissime e carissimi >> >> segnalo articolo su TuttoScienze >> https://www.lastampa.it/tuttoscienze/2025/02/26/news/ >> tutto_quello_che_i_linguisti_computazionali_avrebbero_voluto_sapere_sul_linguaggio-15015239/ <https://www.lastampa.it/tuttoscienze/2025/02/26/news/tutto_quello_che_i_lin…> >> >> la cui versione completa potete trovare sul Magazine Intelligenza >> Artificiale magia.news >> https://magia.news/tutto-quello-che-i-linguisti-computazionali- >> avrebbero-voluto-sapere-sul-linguaggio-ma-non-hanno-avuto-il-coraggio- >> di-chiedere/ <https://magia.news/tutto-quello-che-i-linguisti- >> computazionali-avrebbero-voluto-sapere-sul-linguaggio-ma-non-hanno- >> avuto-il-coraggio-di-chiedere/> >> >> saluti >> Guido >> >> >> -- >> Dipartimento di Informatica >> Università di Torino >> Cso Svizzera 185 >> 10149 Torino >> >> Vice-Rettore Vicario dell'Università di Torino per le tematiche >> dell'Intelligenza Artificiale e per la promozione dei rapporti con le >> imprese e le associazioni di categoria delle imprese e per il >> coordinamento con le iniziative di innovazione industriale sul territorio >> >> Vicepresidente del Competence Center CIM4.0 www.cim40.com <http:// >> www.cim40.com> >> >> Visitate i siti delle nostre iniziative >> >> www.magia.news <http://www.magia.news> >> www.chedih.eu <http://www.chedih.eu> >> www.pai-edih.eu <http://www.pai-edih.eu> >> www.firstlife.org <http://www.firstlife.org> >> www.commonshood.eu <http://www.commonshood.eu> >> https://corpusproject.eu/ <https://corpusproject.eu/> >> www.projectco3.eu <http://www.projectco3.eu> >> www.sipeia.it >> <http://www.sipeia.it> >> www.ai-aware.eu <http://www.ai-aware.eu> >> nlab4cit.eu <http://nlab4cit.eu> >> CHEDIH <http://chedih.eu>edih PAI >> >> > -- Italo Vignoli - italo(a)vignoli.org mobile/signal +39.348.5653829 - skype italovignoli hangout/jabber italo.vignoli(a)gmail.com GPG Key ID - 0xAAB8D5C0 DB75 1534 3FD0 EA5F 56B5 FDA6 DE82 934C AAB8 D5C0

Feb. 26, 2025

Re: [nexa] Tutto quello che i linguisti computazionali avrebbero voluto sapere sul linguaggio ma non hanno avuto il coraggio di chiedere

by Italo Vignoli

This is a Windows problem, not a LibreOffice problem. You should reinstall the Visual C++ Redistributable from the Microsoft website and restart your PC. The missing or corrupted DLL is part of that software, and the issue is not related to the installation or the usage of LibreOffice. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/windows/latest-supported-vc-redist?vi… Best regards. On 2/26/25 08:10, Guido Boella via nexa wrote: > Carissime e carissimi > > segnalo articolo su TuttoScienze > https://www.lastampa.it/tuttoscienze/2025/02/26/news/ > tutto_quello_che_i_linguisti_computazionali_avrebbero_voluto_sapere_sul_linguaggio-15015239/ <https://www.lastampa.it/tuttoscienze/2025/02/26/news/tutto_quello_che_i_lin…> > > la cui versione completa potete trovare sul Magazine Intelligenza > Artificiale magia.news > https://magia.news/tutto-quello-che-i-linguisti-computazionali- > avrebbero-voluto-sapere-sul-linguaggio-ma-non-hanno-avuto-il-coraggio- > di-chiedere/ <https://magia.news/tutto-quello-che-i-linguisti- > computazionali-avrebbero-voluto-sapere-sul-linguaggio-ma-non-hanno- > avuto-il-coraggio-di-chiedere/> > > saluti > Guido > > > -- > Dipartimento di Informatica > Università di Torino > Cso Svizzera 185 > 10149 Torino > > Vice-Rettore Vicario dell'Università di Torino per le tematiche > dell'Intelligenza Artificiale e per la promozione dei rapporti con le > imprese e le associazioni di categoria delle imprese e per il > coordinamento con le iniziative di innovazione industriale sul territorio > > Vicepresidente del Competence Center CIM4.0 www.cim40.com <http:// > www.cim40.com> > > Visitate i siti delle nostre iniziative > > www.magia.news <http://www.magia.news> > www.chedih.eu <http://www.chedih.eu> > www.pai-edih.eu <http://www.pai-edih.eu> > www.firstlife.org <http://www.firstlife.org> > www.commonshood.eu <http://www.commonshood.eu> > https://corpusproject.eu/ <https://corpusproject.eu/> > www.projectco3.eu <http://www.projectco3.eu> > www.sipeia.it > <http://www.sipeia.it> > www.ai-aware.eu <http://www.ai-aware.eu> > nlab4cit.eu <http://nlab4cit.eu> > CHEDIH <http://chedih.eu>edih PAI > > -- Italo Vignoli - italo(a)vignoli.org mobile/signal +39.348.5653829 - skype italovignoli hangout/jabber italo.vignoli(a)gmail.com GPG Key ID - 0xAAB8D5C0 DB75 1534 3FD0 EA5F 56B5 FDA6 DE82 934C AAB8 D5C0

Feb. 26, 2025

Re: [nexa] Tutto quello che i linguisti computazionali avrebbero voluto sapere sul linguaggio ma non hanno avuto il coraggio di chiedere

by abregni

Salve. C'è l'ultima frase dell'articolo che mi lascia perplesso... Mi sembra più una conclusione "di circostanza" che "di sostanza". > Per la prima volta con i LLM abbiamo riprodotto in maniera utilizzabile > alcune capacità della nostra conoscenza tacita... Se anche noi impariamo a parlare in modo "statistico" (un giorno mio figlio piccolo ha detto "sono morito di freddo", ...e come dargli torto per l'errore di grammatica?), potrebbe solo voler dire che scegliere la statistica invece della comprensione, come "motore reale" del prodotto informatico, ha casualmente(?) riprodotto pari pari un nostro modo di apprendere. > ...[conoscenza tacita], per definizione non esprimibile... Mi sembra che sia stata espressa (certo non come contenuto, ma come 'formazione' sì). > ..., ma abbiamo aperto il vaso di Pandora di un mondo che, se diventa > più prevedibile grazie alle macchine... Questa mi sembra un'affermazione forte: sarà prevedibile statisticamente il comportamento d'acquisto dell'emblematica 'massaia di Voghera', ma poi a spiegare altro ce ne vuole! ..., allo stesso tempo ci ricorda di non essere sempre spiegabile in termini di modelli espliciti. Non ha molto senso logico voler spiegare -- in esplicito modello (meccanicistico) -- il funzionamento di un sistema complesso, come ad es. un'emergenza. Però di logica ci si arriva (http://www.ybnd.eu/docs/Simple_complexity.pdf) E' una frase "messa là / generica chiosa? Il linguaggio è cosa complessa e frattale, anche se 'lineare' dal punto di vista formale. Ci facciamo letteralmente 'di tutto', incluso programmare macchine che 'mimano' (male) il nostro modo di pensare e (bene) quello di parlare. Non siamo abbastanza bravi da 'scavarci dentro' (forse perché è 'fondamentale' per noi, come lo è il tempo secondo Smolin, e quindi non facilmente spiegabile), ma lo diventeremo. Sicuro. Saluti. Il 2025-02-26 08:10 Guido Boella via nexa ha scritto: > Carissime e carissimi > > segnalo articolo su TuttoScienze > https://www.lastampa.it/tuttoscienze/2025/02/26/news/tutto_quello_che_i_lin… > > la cui versione completa potete trovare sul Magazine Intelligenza > Artificiale magia.news > https://magia.news/tutto-quello-che-i-linguisti-computazionali-avrebbero-vo… > > saluti > Guido > > -- > > Dipartimento di Informatica > Università di Torino > Cso Svizzera 185 > 10149 Torino > > Vice-Rettore Vicario dell'Università di Torino per le tematiche > dell'Intelligenza Artificiale e per la promozione dei rapporti con le > imprese e le associazioni di categoria delle imprese e per il > coordinamento con le iniziative di innovazione industriale sul > territorio > > Vicepresidente del Competence Center CIM4.0 www.cim40.com [1] > > Visitate i siti delle nostre iniziative > > www.magia.news [2] > www.chedih.eu [3] > www.pai-edih.eu [4] > www.firstlife.org [5] > www.commonshood.eu [6] > https://corpusproject.eu/ > www.projectco3.eu [7] > www.sipeia.it > > www.ai-aware.eu [8] > nlab4cit.eu [9] > [10] > > > > Links: > ------ > [1] http://www.cim40.com > [2] http://www.magia.news > [3] http://www.chedih.eu > [4] http://www.pai-edih.eu > [5] http://www.firstlife.org > [6] http://www.commonshood.eu > [7] http://www.projectco3.eu > [8] http://www.ai-aware.eu > [9] http://nlab4cit.eu > [10] http://chedih.eu

Feb. 26, 2025