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April 2021
- 55 participants
- 283 messages
Re: [nexa] Bad software sent postal workers to jail, because no one wanted to admit it could be wrong - The Verge
by Giacomo Tesio
Grazie della segnalazione Alberto.
Una vicenda drammatica, dovuta all'ignoranza informatica diffusa
On April 25, 2021 7:38:38 AM UTC, Alberto Cammozzo via nexa wrote:
> <https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/23/22399721/uk-post-office-software-bug-cri…>
>
> For the past 20 years UK Post Office employees have been dealing with
> a piece of software called Horizon, which had a fatal flaw: bugs that
> made it look like employees stole tens of thousands of British pounds. This
> led to some local postmasters being convicted of crimes, even being
> sent to prison, because the Post Office doggedly insisted the software
> could be trusted.
Mai.
Nel caso di automatismi complessi la probabilità che funzionino correttamente
decresce esponenzialmente con il numero di componenti di cui sono costituti.
È dunque ragionevole NON fidarsi mai del software e presumere la sua "colpevolezza"
fino a prova contraria, invertendo l'onere della prova sul produttore/distributore.
Interessante osservare come in questo caso si usi correttamente il termine "software"
invece dell'astratto "algorithm".
Il risultato però è lo stesso: coloro che hanno venduto il software vengono schermati dalle
responsabilità rispetto ai danni irreparabili che questi hanno causato.
> The impact on these employees has been vast: according to the BBC,
> some have lost marriages or time with their children. Talking to the BBC,
> Janet Skinner said that she was taken away from her two kids for nine
> months when she was imprisoned, after the software showed a £59,000
> shortfall. She also says she lost a job offer because of her criminal
> conviction. The time she and others like her spent in jail can’t be
> bought back, and it happened because software was taken at its word.
>
> According to the BBC, another woman, who swore she was innocent, was
> sent to prison for theft while she was pregnant. One man reportedly died
> by suicide after the computer system showed that he had lost almost
> £100,000. Within a few months, his replacement also faced losses due
> to discrepancies from the software.
Ed immaginate che impatto avrebbero questi bug in una società con un social credit score.
Immaginate cosa accadrebbe se la creazione di questi software fosse
affidata o riconducibile ad un governo.
Giacomo
April 25, 2021
serie di documentari "Invisibili: I Proletari del Clic"
by J.C. DE MARTIN
Rilancio quanto l'amico Antonio Casilli ha appena
pubblicato su Facebook (con accesso pubblico al post).
jc
----
Car* amic* italian*, cosa unisce i riders nostrani, i moderatori di
Facebook e il lavoratori che in Africa addestrano gli algoritmi? La
risposta la trovate nella nostra serie di documentari "Invisibili: I
Proletari del Clic", regia Henri Poulain, sceneggiatura di Julien Goetz,
basata sulle mie inchieste sul lavoro delle piattaforme, ora disponibile
sottotitolata in italiano e in altre 5 lingue sul sito della rete
televisiva europea ARTE.
https://www.arte.tv/it/search/?q=invisibili+proletari+del+clic&page=1
April 25, 2021
Bad software sent postal workers to jail, because no one wanted to admit it could be wrong - The Verge
by Alberto Cammozzo
<https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/23/22399721/uk-post-office-software-bug-cri…>
For the past 20 years UK Post Office employees have been dealing with a
piece of software called Horizon, which had a fatal flaw: bugs that made
it look like employees stole tens of thousands of British pounds. This
led to some local postmasters being convicted of crimes, even being sent
to prison, because the Post Office doggedly insisted the software could
be trusted. After fighting for decades, 39 people are finally having
their convictions overturned, after what is reportedly the largest
miscarriage of justice that the UK has ever seen.
The impact on these employees has been vast: according to the BBC, some
have lost marriages or time with their children. Talking to the BBC,
Janet Skinner said that she was taken away from her two kids for nine
months when she was imprisoned, after the software showed a £59,000
shortfall. She also says she lost a job offer because of her criminal
conviction. The time she and others like her spent in jail can’t be
bought back, and it happened because software was taken at its word.
According to the BBC, another woman, who swore she was innocent, was
sent to prison for theft while she was pregnant. One man reportedly died
by suicide after the computer system showed that he had lost almost
£100,000. Within a few months, his replacement also faced losses due to
discrepancies from the software.
Horizon was made by Japanese company Fujitsu, and information from it
was used to prosecute 736 Post Office employees between 2000 and 2014,
some of whom ended up going to jail. Bugs in the system would cause it
to report that accounts that were under the employees’ control were
short — the BBC has reported that some employees even tried to close the
gap by remortgaging their homes, or using their own money.
It does seem like the nightmare for the employees may be coming to an
end. The 39 who had their convictions overturned are following another
six who were cleared of wrongdoing back in December. The Post Office has
also been working on financially compensating other employees who were
caught up by the software.
[...]
April 25, 2021
Mala innovazione: se bisogna fermarsi per salvare l’umano
by maurizio lana
Condivido l'idea di Antonio che l'idea di augmented intellect di D.
Englebart sia centrale ancora a distanza di 60 anni.
In Englebart il computer è come un esoscheletro, è concepito per
potenziare la capacità umane (poi vedremo se sono quelle dei buoni come
Ripley in Alien - Scontro finale, o dei cattivi come Quaritch in Avatar)
ed è quasi un grido la sua conclusione nel 1964 "After all, we spend
great sums for disciplines aimed at understanding and harnessing nuclear
power. Why not consider developing
a discipline aimed at understanding and harnessing "neural power?" In
the long run, the power of the human intellect is really much the more
important of the two."
JCR Licklider sviluppa riflessioni vicine a quelle di Engelbart con "Man
Computer Symbiosis" [1] e con "The computer as a communication
device"[2]. io agli studenti ne parlo chiamandolo "il paradigma
Licklider-Engelbart", un paradigma tutt'ora vitale a mio avviso.
l'idea di Engelbart era che "il computer" dovesse liberare
l'intelligenza umana perché essa si potesse dedicare ai compiti in cui
eccelle:
We do not speak of isolated clever tricks that help in particular
situations. We refer to a way of
life in an integrated domain where hunches, cut-and-try,
intangibles, and the human 'feel for a situation" usefully co-exist
with powerful concepts, streamlined terminology and notation,
sophisticated methods, and high-powered electronic aids.[3]
oggi invece vediamo tentativi di sostituire l'intelligenza umana, con
sistemi difettosi che tendono a perpetuare uno status quo iniquo.
bisognerebbe forse, a mio avviso, in termini di comunicazione
abbandonare la forma bipolare che esemplificherei come "l'IA scopre come
è ripiegata una proteina, nessuno c'era mai riuscito prima"(ottimistica)
e "l'IA controllerà e regolerà le nostre vite" (catastrofica). entrambe
le forme implicano infatti l'agency dell'IA, che non esiste (l'agency,
non l'IA!) perché l'agency è dei soggetti umani che compiono specifiche
scelte per fare essere i software di IA ciò che sono, alimentandoli con
i dati appropriati alla loro concezione del mondo. questo si deve
sapere, deve essere comunicato. e tra l'altro ipostatizzare "l'IA"
concorre a collocarla in uno spazio in cui sembra che i cittadini come
singoli e come gruppo con le loro scelte non possano arrivare. invece
non è così, si deve sapere che ci sono spazi di scelta e di azione per
cambiare e che una buona politica serve[4].
maurizio
[1] 1960. «Man-Computer Symbiosis». /IRE Transactions on Human Factors
in Electronics/ HFE-1 (1): 4–11.
https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1960.4503259
<https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1960.4503259>.
[2] con Robert W. Taylor. 1968. «The computer as a communication
device». /Science and technology/ 76 (2): 21–41.
http://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/abstracts/src-rr-061…
<http://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/abstracts/src-rr-061…>.
[3] 1962. «Augmenting human intellect: a conceptual framework.»
AFOSR-3233. Menlo Park, CA: Stanford Research Institute.
https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/289565.pdf
<https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/289565.pdf>
[4] Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,
https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=75788
<https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=75788>
Il 23/04/21 12:00, nexa-request(a)server-nexa.polito.it ha scritto:
> Message: 6
> Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 09:20:16 +0200
> From: Antonio Iacono<antiac(a)gmail.com>
> To: Nexa<nexa(a)server-nexa.polito.it>
> Subject: [nexa] Mala innovazione: se bisogna fermarsi per salvare
> l’umano
> Message-ID:
> <CAPN6PEQ6pnkgeOWK3EU4cRoST3rudUK5uvZUyU3HCkHYyW1mwA(a)mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
>
> Quello in oggetto è il titolo di un articolo di Alessandro Longo di un
> paio di giorni fa [1] che termina con:
> "A volte la cosiddetta innovazione va fermata. A volte, almeno,
> dobbiamo (sof)fermarci noi (per un po’): per riflettere sulla bontà di
> quell’innovazione e di come integrarla nell’umano, rendendola umana.
> Come dicono sempre più esperti di intelligenza artificiale e come
> suggerisce lo stesso Regolamento UE.
> Vanno tutelati così gli interessi di fruitori di quella tecnologia, ma
> anche dei lavoratori, sui cui diritti non possiamo permetterci passi
> indietro.
> Appunto: un’innovazione che fa fare passi indietro alla società non è
> un’innovazione; ma ha una funzione regressiva."
>
> Avevo scritto cose simili in questa lista un paio di mesi fa, sono
> quindi d'accordo con quanto detto da Longo.
>
> Una piccola chiosa storica.
>
> Agli inizi degli anni Sessanta, a guidare l'ARPA c'era Jack Ruina [2].
> Anni dopo, ad una intervista, a chi gli chiese cosa si aspettassero i
> militari dall'ARPA e dall'intelligenza artificiale, rispose:
> "L'idea che avevano era di immettere in un potente calcolatore
> informazioni qualitative del tipo: 'Il comandante dell'aviazione ha
> bevuto due Martini' oppure ' Khrushchev non legge la Pravda il lunedì'
> e il computer avrebbe recitato la parte di Sherlock Holmes, e ne
> avrebbe concluso che i russi stavano costruendo un missile MX-72, o
> qualcosa del genere."
> Sia Ruina che Joseph Licklider [3] cercarono di mettere un freno a
> questo "modo idiota di procedere" [parole loro].
> Poco tempo dopo un altro "pioniere dell'informatica moderna", tale
> Douglas Engelbart [4] (se usiamo il 'mouse' è anche grazie a lui)
> faticò a far passare l'idea di "intelligenza aumentata", il suo
> "Augmenting Human Intellect" [5] anticipava il computer e internet di
> qualche decennio.
> Engelbart capì subito che i fautori dell'intelligenza artificiale
> erano i suoi nemici filosofici. La loro "missione" era rimpiazzare gli
> esseri umani con della macchine, mentre la sua visione consisteva
> nell'estendere le capacità dell'uomo.
> Ruina, Licklider, Engelbart, e poi Stallman e molti altri, gente che
> non si limitava a seguire il "mainstream".
>
> Sessant'anni dopo le cose non sono cambiate di molto
> Al posto dei tecnici in camice bianco che inseriscono schede perforate
> negli enormi mainframe per "individuare modelli comportamentali fra
> gli alti ufficiali sovietici", ci siamo noi che, volontariamente e
> gratuitamente, immettiamo continuamente dati nella "megamacchina" che
> è la rete.
> E dall'altra parte c'è ancora chi, per interesse economico, politico o
> militare, prova ancora a "individuare modelli comportamentali",
> stavolta non degli odiati russi ma di tutti noi.
> Se c'è un compito a cui l'università dovrebbe adempiere è
quello di
> formare degli "Engelbart" dotati di spirito critico e la forza e il
> coraggio di sapere andare controcorrente (anche se questo dovesse
> significare abbandonare il "proprio settore" per dedicarsi ad altri
> "campi di ricerca").
>
> Antonio
>
> [1]https://www.agendadigitale.eu/cultura-digitale/se-linnovazione-ci-fa-male-dal/
> [2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ruina
> [3]https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Licklider
> [4]https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart
> [5]https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/138
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> Subject: Digest Footer
>
> _______________________________________________
> nexa mailing list
> nexa(a)server-nexa.polito.it
> https://server-nexa.polito.it/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/nexa
>
>
> ------------------------------
>
> End of nexa Digest, Vol 144, Issue 46
> *************************************
------------------------------------------------------------------------
many of us believe the EU remains
the most extraordinary, ambitious, liberal
political alliance in recorded history.
where it needs reform, where it needs to evolve,
we should be there to help turn that heavy wheel.
i. mcewan
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maurizio Lana - 347 7370925
April 24, 2021
Minutes before Trump left office, millions of the Pentagon’s dormant IP addresses sprang to life
by Alberto Cammozzo
Da Liberationtech:
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/24/pentagon-internet-addr…
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/24/pentagon-internet-addr…>>
While the world was distracted with President Donald Trump leaving
office on Jan. 20, an obscure Florida company discreetly announced to
the world’s computer networks a startling development: It now was
managing a huge unused swath of the Internet that, for several decades,
had been owned by the U.S. military.
What happened next was stranger still.
The company, Global Resource Systems LLC, kept adding to its zone of
control. Soon it had claimed 56 million IP addresses owned by the
Pentagon. Three months later, the total was nearly 175 million. That’s
almost 6 percent of a coveted traditional section of Internet real
estate — called IPv4 — where such large chunks are worth billions of
dollars on the open market.
The entities controlling the largest swaths of the Internet generally
are telecommunications giants whose names are familiar: AT&T, China
Telecom, Verizon. But now at the top of the list was Global Resource
Systems — a company founded only in September that has no publicly
reported federal contracts and no obvious public-facing website.
As listed in records, the company’s address in Plantation, Fla., outside
Fort Lauderdale, is a shared workspace in an office building that
doesn’t show Global Resource Systems on its lobby directory. A
receptionist at the shared workspace said Friday that she could provide
no information about the company and asked a reporter to leave. The
company did not respond to requests for comment.
The only announcement of Global Resources Systems’ management of
Pentagon addresses happened in the obscure world of Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP) — the messaging system that tells Internet companies how
to route traffic across the world. There, messages began to arrive
telling network administrators that IP addresses assigned to the
Pentagon but long dormant could now accept traffic — but it should be
routed to Global Resource Systems.
Network administrators began speculating about perhaps the most dramatic
shift in IP address space allotment since BGP was introduced in the 1980s.
“They are now announcing more address space than anything ever in the
history of the Internet,” said Doug Madory, director of Internet
analysis for Kentik, a network monitoring company, who was among those
trying to figure out what was happening. He published a blog post on the
mystery Saturday morning.
The long life of a quick ‘fix’: Internet protocol from 1989 leaves data
vulnerable to hijackers
The theories were many. Did someone at the Defense Department sell off
part of the military’s vast collection of sought-after IP addresses as
Trump left office? Had the Pentagon finally acted on demands to unload
the billions of dollars worth of IP address space the military has been
sitting on, largely unused, for decades?
An answer, of sorts, came Friday.
The change is the handiwork of an elite Pentagon unit known as the
Defense Digital Service, which reports directly to the secretary of
defense. The DDS bills itself as a “SWAT team of nerds” tasked with
solving emergency problems for the department and conducting
experimental work to make big technological leaps for the military.
Created in 2015, the DDS operates a Silicon Valley-like office within
the Pentagon. It has carried out a range of special projects in recent
years, from developing a biometric app to help service members identify
friendly and enemy forces on the battlefield to ensuring the encryption
of emails Pentagon staff were exchanging about coronavirus vaccines with
external parties.
Brett Goldstein, the DDS’s director, said in a statement that his unit
had authorized a “pilot effort” publicizing the IP space owned by the
Pentagon.
“This pilot will assess, evaluate and prevent unauthorized use of DoD IP
address space,” Goldstein said. “Additionally, this pilot may identify
potential vulnerabilities.”
The Path Forward: Safeguarding Global Innovation
Keith J. Krach and Gen. Stanley McChrystal join Washington Post Live on
Thursday, April 22 (The Washington Post)
Goldstein described the project as one of the Defense Department’s “many
efforts focused on continually improving our cyber posture and defense
in response to advanced persistent threats. We are partnering throughout
DoD to ensure potential vulnerabilities are mitigated.”
The specifics of what the effort is trying to achieve remain unclear.
The Defense Department declined to answer a number of questions about
the project, and Pentagon officials declined to say why Goldstein’s unit
had used a little-known Florida company to carry out the pilot effort
rather than have the Defense Department itself “announce” the addresses
through BGP messages — a far more routine approach.
What is clear, however, is the Global Resource Systems announcements
directed a fire hose of Internet traffic toward the Defense Department
addresses. Madory said his monitoring showed the broad movements of
Internet traffic began immediately after the IP addresses were announced
Jan. 20.
These hackers warned the Internet would become a security nightmare
Madory said such large amounts of data could provide several benefits
for those in a position to collect and analyze it for threat
intelligence and other purposes.
The data may provide information about how malicious actors operate
online and could reveal exploitable weaknesses in computer systems. In
addition, several Chinese companies use network numbering systems that
resemble the U.S. military’s IP addresses in their internal systems,
Madory said. By announcing the address space through Global Resource
Systems, that could cause some of that information to be routed to
systems controlled by the U.S. military.
The data could also include accidental misconfigurations that could be
exploited or fixed, Madory said.
“If you have a very large amount of traffic, and someone knows how to go
through it, you’ll find stuff,” Madory added.
The U.S. government spent billions on a system for detecting hacks. The
Russians outsmarted it.
Russell Goemaere, a spokesman for the Defense Department, confirmed in a
statement to The Washington Post that the Pentagon still owns all the IP
address space and hadn’t sold any of it to a private party.
[...]
April 24, 2021
"The Military Origins of Facebook"
by J.C. DE MARTIN
*The Military Origins of Facebook*
/Facebook’s growing role in the ever-expanding surveillance and
“pre-crime” apparatus of the national security state demands new
scrutiny of the company’s origins and its products as they relate to a
former, controversial DARPA-run surveillance program that was
essentially analogous to what is currently the world’s largest social
network./
WHITNEY WEBB
APRIL 12, 2021
[...]
continua qui:
https://unlimitedhangout.com/2021/04/investigative-reports/the-military-ori…
April 24, 2021
"Towards a new wave of technological activism" (21-22 June 2021)
by J.C. DE MARTIN
*Towards a new wave of technological activism**
*
/Understanding, Promoting, and Designing for Sustainable Appropriation
of Technologies by Grassroots Communities //
/
A workshop of C&T 2021 - 21-22 June 2021
https://sites.google.com/view/technological-activism-ws/home
Two online half-day sessions
The time will be determined to accommodate the widest participation
possible from different timezones
This workshop is interested in the "development of digitally-mediated
technologies that value social cooperation as a common good rather than
as a source of revenue and accumulation" [3]. Therefore, it focuses on
grassroots initiatives and local communities wishing to contribute to
the ongoing critique of platform capitalism and its sharing economy
narrative, questioning the commodification of collaboration [1], and
engaging in building platforms for a caring economy that values
cooperation as an emancipatory practice [4]. Moreover, this workshop
focuses on the sustainable appropriation of emerging technologies by
grassroots communities. Indeed, following arguments developed in
relation to interaction design research and environmental sustainability
[16], we argue that the works discussing the relation between design
researchers and grassroots communities can be expanded and rethought in
the light of the crisis of sustainability humankind is going through.
Here sustainability is intended as encompassing not only the ecological
aspects of life but all the dimensions, as social, economic, and
political, that traverse what the United Nations have called
“Sustainable Development Goals” [15].
Although most available technologies are not explicitly oriented to
grassroots communities, the last decade has been characterized by a low
intensity but constant conversation on grassroots technologies, as shown
by the COST Action “From Sharing to Caring” [2]. Indeed, in some recent
work, a systematic analysis of existing platforms has been conducted
showing that grassroots initiatives need better support for collectivity
when they work to design their technological platform [8]. While some
features of existing platforms support aspects of collectivity
implicitly (such as building trust and enabling participation), the
’social’ aspect of the participation is often not directly enhanced by
the design. When grassroots initiatives attempt to scale beyond the
level of a very basic technological platform, the pre-existing trust and
social capital benefiting from their local focus might not be
sufficient. In addition, if one wants caring communities to become an
alternative to classical models of consumerism, driven by more
altruistic and community-driven motives rather than profit-oriented
ones, supporting collectivity should be a central premise when thinking
of emerging technologies to support them. Indeed, this is something that
is still lacking in current implementations, at least from a design
perspective—or sometimes even explicitly hindered, as the example of
Mechanical Turkers starting their own platforms to self-organize
illustrates [25].
At the same time, there are more and more academic contributions
focusing on how technologies can be designed with grassroots communities
and on the reflexive positions of the design researchers, opening the
conversations to novel questions or empirical contexts, aligning with
the needs and desires of society.
For example, a few contributions have shown how technologies have been
designed and/or appropriated by grassroots initiatives interested in
food. If work done with a group buying organic food has highlighted the
usefulness of analytical lenses like the distinction between strategies
and tactics or the concept of artifact ecologies [6,7], other work
conducted with activists trying to reduce food waste has connected the
appropriation of technologies by activists to social values like
collective care and commons [5]. The conversation on food reflects some
of the key axes along which the discussion on technologies with and for
grassroots communities has developed, namely: starting with problems
that matter to people, like the aforementioned food or the
transformations in employment [12,13,21] and welfare provisions [3,9];
acknowledging grassroots communities’ perspective on commons and care as
theoretically relevant for design research [17,20,22]; discussing
designers and people’s actions through the same language, e.g. the one
of strategies and tactics, refusing to attribute a privileged position
to the design researchers [19]; and, considering the collaboration
between the design researchers and the grassroots communities in
relation to existing institutions and institutional constraints
[10,11,18,23,24].
The aforementioned contributions have had the merit of advancing
understandings of the relationship between grassroots communities and
digital technologies, but we think their conceptual focus can be
expanded, technologically and socially.
Technologically, the focus of the previous contributions has mainly been
on digital platforms or web-based technologies. Recent events in society
suggest that there is a need and space to expand the technological focus
of the relation between grassroots communities and design research on
digital technologies. For example, a controversial technology like face
recognition has started to be reappropriated by social movements to
identify police officers involved in critical situations like the
beating and killing that has been at the center of phenomena like Black
Lives Matter [14]. Therefore, in this workshop we point to the
importance of looking into the appropriation by social movements of
technologies beyond digital platforms, mobile apps, and web-based
solutions, to refer to what we call, generically, emerging technologies.
Socially, issues like fighting racism, promoting feminism, or combating
climate change have emerged as key points of attention for social
movements all around the world, siding the material aspects of food,
work, and welfare mentioned before. The grassroots initiatives engaging
with these issues, and the social movements emerging, have been
advancing radical requests, e.g. defund the police, that are based on
questioning the ecological and social sustainability of the dominant
ways of collectively organizing life. Therefore, in this workshop we
look at these social movements as bringing new ways of looking at the
relations between communities and the world, relations with which
designers can be entangled [22, 24] and relations in which the design,
development, and use of technologies are important elements.
This workshop welcomes contributions enlightening how we, as technology
design researchers and activists can understand, promote, and design for
such sustainable appropriation, at a descriptive, technical or
conceptual level:
Empirical cases illustrating the appropriation of existing digital
technologies by grassroots initiatives’. Contributions might outline the
role of existing technologies in infrastructuring such initiatives and
their limitations in organizing action;
Technical descriptions of grassroots-oriented technologies and/or
of the artifact ecologies that grassroots initiatives might adopt;
Conceptual contributions illustrating or expanding concepts,
values, tactics and other socio-cultural aspects that are central to the
appropriation of technologies by community initiatives. e.g. commoning,
caring;
We welcome conceptual, methodological, and empirical contributions
discussing sustainable appropriation of technology by grassroot
initiatives in different forms: position papers, pictorials, manifestos,
design portfolios, and design fictions.
In particular, we encourage potential participants to discuss their
interest in the workshop theme, submitting contributions regarding next
steps of working on a topic related to the theme. The following,
non-exhaustive, list provides an overview of potential topics of interest:
The position of design researchers in relation to grassroots
communities, e.g. problematizing the idea of expert/diffuse design,
overcome by the bottom-up engagement with emerging technologies; that
includes the relations between grassroots initiatives, design
researchers, and existing or new institutions;
The exploration of (alternative) research outcomes that make
results relevant to communities and other non-academic audiences.
The relation between grassroots initiatives, digital technologies,
and aspects of scaling or meshing, grassroots initiatives.
April 24, 2021
NutriScore e l'alimentazione algoritmica.
by Giovanni Biscuolo
Buongiorno,
«La guerra sull’etichetta Ue a colori per gli alimenti: per il governo
“l’algoritmo danneggia l’eccellenza italiana”. Gli interessi delle
multinazionali, la gara tra i Paesi» di Luisiana Gaita, 24 APRILE 2021
https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2021/04/24/la-guerra-sulletichetta-ue-a-co…
--8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
L’algoritmo Nutri-score è stato criticato, oltre che da diversi governi
e gruppi industriali, anche numerosi nutrizionisti [...] le basi
scientifiche su cui si basa sono molto discusse, a cominciare dalla
lotta agli acidi grassi saturi “totalmente superata”, ancor più perché
il Nutri-Score non distingue tra i diversi tipi di grassi che hanno
funzioni ed effetti diversi. Secondo Legrand il Nutri-Score avrebbe
dovuto limitarsi agli alimenti trasformati e lavorati, senza includere
alimenti naturali di base [...]
[...] Per l’europarlamentare ed ex ministro Paolo De Castro, si tratta
di un sistema che non tiene in conto l’impatto ambientale
“paradossalmente più pesante per gli alimenti che ottengono il bollino
verde, perché sono cibi molto trasformati che necessitano di acqua,
energia e packaging”. [...]
LA PRESA DI POSIZIONE – Il professore Mauro Serafini, docente di
Alimentazione e nutrizione umana alla facoltà di Bioscienze
dell’Università di Teramo è tra i 19 scienziati italiani (Ricciardi
compreso) che hanno firmato l’appello in sostegno del
Nutri-Score. “Qualsiasi etichettatura nutrizionale dovrebbe essere
associata a una cultura dell’alimentazione e del proprio corpo – spiega
a ilfattoquotidiano.it – ma credo che il Nutri-Score sia comunque più
efficace, perché parte da una solida letteratura scientifica, i dati
sono stati applicati su studi epidemiologici di coorte e il sistema a
semaforo offre una lettura molto più immediata al consumatore”. In
pratica si capisce subito se il consumo di un determinato elemento va
limitato. “Limitato, appunto, e non totalmente bannato”,
aggiunge. Eppure, una così netta indicazione potrebbe avere conseguenze
sugli acquisti. “Non possiamo escluderlo – spiega – ma dobbiamo
domandarci se l’etichettatura abbia come obiettivo quello di migliorare
le abitudini alimentari degli europei o quello di tutelare i prodotti,
senza impattare sulle vendite”.
LE CRITICHE AL NUTRINFORM – Il sistema italiano non ‘boccia’ nessun
alimento, ma la lettura non è così immediata. “Questo significa non
toccare nessun interesse – replica Serafini – perché si scorpora
l’alimento dicendo, ad esempio, che percentuale di zuccheri contiene
rispetto a quella che posso assumere al giorno”. Per Serafini
l’etichettatura proposta dall’Italia ha più di un limite. “Non so quante
persone si fermeranno a fare i calcoli delle percentuali al supermercato
– aggiunge – ma è evidente che il consumatore potrebbe anche rientrare
nelle dosi raccomandante prendendo tutti gli zuccheri dalle bevande
gasate, invece che dalla frutta. Eppure c’è una differenza sostanziale
tra le due fonti. In questo modo non si educa a una corretta
alimentazione”. [...]
[...] “Con il Nutri-Score tutti ricorderebbero facilmente il colore
attribuito a una banana o a qualsiasi altro alimento, anche facendo la
spesa al mercato (dunque senza alcuna etichettatura, ndr), abituandosi
invece al Nutrinform in un contesto come quello del mercato il
consumatore si troverebbe senza alcuno strumento”.
[...] Serafini spiega, però, che il Nutri-Score nasce per confrontare
alimenti dello stesso gruppo: “Non posso certo paragonare la frutta con
il formaggio. E questo andrà spiegato al consumatore”. Già un anno fa,
rispondendo alle polemiche, Hercberg e il suo team hanno sottolineato
che “comparare l’olio di oliva alla Coca-Cola Light non ha alcun senso”
perché il consumatore vuole confrontare “la qualità nutrizionale degli
alimenti che possono sostituirsi tra loro”. Così, se vuole acquistare un
olio, potrà scegliere quello classificato come migliore. L’olio d’oliva
si classifica C (colore giallo), il miglior punteggio per i grassi
aggiunti e gli oli vegetali, meglio di quello di soia, di girasole e di
mais (D), di quello di cocco e di palma e del burro, tutti nella
categoria E, in modo “totalmente coerente con la dieta mediterranea” che
“mai promuove formaggi e salumi (per la maggior parte in D e qualcuno in
E, che siano italiani oppure no)”, ha spiegato il team dell’Eren. Per
Hercberg, invece, è il sistema italiano a batteria a essere “senza basi
scientifiche” e “sostenuto dalle lobby italiane”.
--8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
La battaglia a suon di prosciutti e olio di oliva prosegue almeno tanto
quanto la perplessità di alcuni (molti?) sui sistemi di "classificazione
algoritmica scientificamente dimostrata e tecnologicamente
deterministica del bene e del male".
Tutto questo per sostituire i nutrizionisti, la cultura personale e un
sano rapporto col cibo con etichette facili facili per consumatori
(l'importante è che _consumino_)?
Tutto questo per dirci, ANCORA?!?, che l'olio di palma è peggio
dell'olio di oliva (ma spremuto a caldo o a freddo?).
...e la RedBull è più sana o meno di una CocaCola Zero?!? :-O
Sono l'unico ad averne abbastanza del marketing del "Senza olio di
palma" e compagnia cantante?!?
Io purtroppo conosco alcune persone con qualche disturbo alimentare,
alcune già ossessionate dalle informazioni nutrizionali sulle etichette,
e ho l'impressione che ulteriori map-reduce di una sana ed equilibrata
conoscenza in merito NON miglioreranno le loro condizioni e la nostra
"sanità nutrizionale".
Modesta proposta: e se vi "limitaste" a rendere obbligatoria
l'indicazione della qualità e quantità di nutrienti?
Sul cibo circolano così tanti miti e incomprensioni che secondo me
l'ultima cosa di cui abbiamo bisogno è delle *semplificazioni*.
...anche perché *forse* abbiamo ancora qualcosa da capire
_scientificamente_ in merito, no?
A me fa impressione che i nutrizionisti non si incazzino di tutto ciò, a
voi?
Saluti, Giovanni.
P.S.: io me lo ricordo *benissimo* quando negli anni '80 del secolo
scorso la margarina per un decennio almeno quasi sostituì il burro su
molte tavole degli italiani a suon di spot pubblicitari... adesso invece
il burro è trendy! Ah, le mode!
--
Giovanni Biscuolo
Noi, incompetenti come siamo,
non abbiamo alcun titolo per suggerire alcunché.
April 24, 2021
Distributed Ledgers (María-Cruz Valiente, Florian Tschorsch on Internet Policy Review)
by Giovanni Biscuolo
Buongiorno,
il vero titolo del paper è «Blockchain-based technologies» ma io mi
rifiuto di prestarmi al giochino del clickbait e per questo lo rititolo,
NON a caso, con un titolo più... noioso e démodé. :-D
Nel paper i due ricercatori tentano di dirimere la questione di cosa sia
una blockchain e nel farlo illustrano la confusione che regna attorno a
quel termine e, aggiungo io, inconsapevolmente pure sul fatto che
algoritmi e strutture dati non sono una tecnologia (già ho dei problemi
pure a considerare il software una tecnologia): ogni cosa ha un
nome... semantico.
Executive summary: «In order to facilitate an unambiguous understanding
of blockchains, they have been classified as a subset of Distributed
Ledger Technologies (DLTs). Hence, DLT becomes the technical accurate
term, referring to consensus of replicated data in a peer-to-peer
network.»
https://policyreview.info/glossary/blockchain-based-technologies
--8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
[...] The main question that needs to be answered is: what fundamental
requirements have to be met in order for a proposal or solution to be
classified as blockchain technology?
[...] In summary, we observe that the meaning of the word blockchain is
and remains controversial. It has no standard technical
definition. Rather it is used as a loose umbrella term to refer to
systems that bear resemblance to the Bitcoin protocol, or more generally
the Nakamoto Consensus (Narayanan & Clark, 2017). At the same time,
blockchain technologies are influenced by other research areas and
existing technologies, e.g., peer-to-peer networks, fault tolerance,
distributed timestamping, and cryptography (Tschorsch & Scheuermann,
2016; Narayanan & Clark, 2017). In order to facilitate an unambiguous
understanding of blockchains, they have been classified as a subset of
Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs). Hence, DLT becomes the technical
accurate term, referring to consensus of replicated data in a
peer-to-peer network.
[...] Such ambiguities between permissionless and permissioned
blockchains and many more misconceptions motivated articles that explore
suitable application domains of blockchains by trying to give an answer
to the question “do you need a blockchain?” (Wüst & Gervais,
2018). This dissonance clearly emphasises the issues that we observe
with the definition of the term blockchain.
[...] With a range of use cases that go far beyond virtual currencies
applications, they are proposed as a technological means to achieve
trust, security, and privacy. After more than a decade of research and
experimentation, however, the utility of blockchains seems to be
circumscribed to few use cases, with cryptocurrencies still representing
their most relevant application.
[...] i.e., the system can handle Byzantine failure up to a certain
threshold.
[...] Often, the term is used merely to point at the ideologies that
have been attached to it, with imprecise references to technological
specifications. This makes it difficult to classify a given application
as blockchain-based technology. While not clearly defined, blockchains
typically exhibit a resemblance to Bitcoin, which is commonly considered
its archetypal example, repeating its technical characteristics or
following similar goals. From a purely technical point of view,
blockchains are a type of DLT. Therefore, they can be understood as a
distributed network of computers, ideally organised in a decentralised
way, mutually agreeing on a common state while tolerating failures
(incl. malicious behaviour) to some extent.
--8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
Purtroppo i ricercatori non fanno il minimo accenno alla caratteristica
più problematica di alcuni tipi di distributed ledger: la proof-of-work.
Saluti, Giovanni.
--
Giovanni Biscuolo
Noi, incompetenti come siamo,
non abbiamo alcun titolo per suggerire alcunché.
April 24, 2021
Re: [nexa] Trusting What? It’s time to admit we have a problem. (was Re: Divertentissimi Hack accademici... sul kernel Linux)
by Giacomo Tesio
Ciao Giovanni,
tocchi temi complessi che meriterebbero più tempo di quanto disponga,
ma voglio rispondere subito ad alcune belle provocazioni che mi hai
lanciato (sperando di non annoiare tutti quelli che ci leggono)
On April 23, 2021 1:39:48 PM UTC, Giovanni Biscuolo wrote:
> > e sottolineano diverse criticità notoriamente importanti dell'open
> > source
>
> Dai Giacomo: quando ci sono le rogne si chiama "Open Source" e quando
> ci sono le lodi si chiama "Software Libero"?!? :-P
ESATTO ! ! ! :-D
La favoletta degli eyeballs che scovano i bug è roba Open Source sin
dal principio (inventata da ESR & friends) mentre cercavano di entrare
nelle grazie del management aziendale rimuovendo la tensione politica
dal software libero con la scusa dello "stigma of free".
In questo senso il paper ha ragione: l'open source è davvero nato con
l'OSI, prima c'era solo il Software Libero, nato quando il software ha
smesso di essere libero per consuetudine:
https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii113/articles/richard-stallman-talking-to…
Prendi queste "rogne": per Linux, che è Open Source, sono un problema,
per Jehanne (giacché l'hai citato), sarebbero un'occasione!
Significherebbe che qualcuno si è messo a studiare il mio codice
sorgente, fino a trovare il modo di propormi una modifica in grado di
ingannarmi!
Io gli offrirei subito una cena! :-D
Cogli la differenza profonda?
- L'Open Source è uno strumento di marketing.
- Il software libero è un movimento politico.
Di conseguenza,
- i software open source sono prodotti in vetrina
- i software liberi sono progetti di ricerca aperta e creativa
entrambi POSSONO essere utili, ma i primi si concentrano sul prodotto
e sui servizi che ne derivano, mentre i secondi sono espressione
creativa di comunità di sviuppatori.
L'hack che per Linux o Firefox costituisce un danno d'immagine, per
un software libero è un'occasione di imparare qualcosa di nuovo, di
mettere in discussione le proprie abitudini e convinzioni...
di imparare cose nuove ed inattese!
> Una delle criticità a mio avviso ancora troppo poco affrontata,
> sebbene ben compresa dagli addetti ai lavori, sta esattamente nel
> linguaggio nelle quali sono espresse tali vulnerabilità: il C (e
> derivati come C++).
C++ è brutto e cattivo, ma mai quanto JavaScript. Nemmeno lontanamente.
Il maggiore problema del C come linguaggio di programmazione non sono
malloc/free (quello può al massimo essere un problema per i progetti
open source :-D) ma la leggibilità, ridotta da una standard library
folle e da alcune scelte sintattiche troppo "sintetiche".
Però se le patch ingannevoli di Qiushi Wu sono arrivate nel tree stable
di Linux, non è un problema di leggibilità (perché gli sviluppatori di
Linux mangiano pane e C) o di memory safety (per la stessa ragione).
E' SOLO un problema di eccessiva complessità.
Per questo Rust non sarà una soluzione.
E se lo diventasse, sarebbe una soluzione molto peggiore del problema.
> Ma sai Giacomo qual'è l'ironia di tutto questo, l'ironia della
> vulnerabilità del software, anche quello Open Source... i nostri
> kernel e sistemi operativi, Linux compreso, nel 90% dei casi "girano"
> come macchine virtuali all'interno di un host derivato da MINIX3 del
> quale non non abbiamo il benché minimo controllo; quell'host ha
> accesso illimitato alla memoria RAM, al disco e alla rete senza che
> Linux manco se ne accorga e dispone di un comodo server web
> accessibile chissà come e con chissà quali credenziali.
> Di che sicurezza stiamo parlando? ;-)
Comunque Minix è scritto in C. :-P
Giacomo
PS: Uno degli errori di Jehanne (che mi è costato un sacco di fatica) è
stato scegliere GCC. Errore enorme, che io NON avrei dovuto fare.
GCC ed LLVM non sono affidabili: sono troppo grandi.
Mi fu fatto notare, ma pensai che non fosse così importante. Sbagliavo.
Fortunatamente il C è un linguaggio che può essere compilato da poche
migliaia di righe di codice: https://bellard.org/tcc/
Il successore di C dovrà essere ancora più semplice.
April 23, 2021