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- 42 participants
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il diritto di riparare [CDT:L3]
by Andrea Trentini
un tema importante sulla "proprietà" (oggi spesso negata) e sulla conoscibilità (altrettanto) degli
oggetti
https://www.lealternative.net/2023/10/19/il-diritto-di-riparare/
--
Andrea Trentini ⠠⠵
http://atrent.it
public key ID: 0xA7A91E3B
Dip.to di Informatica
Università degli Studi di Milano
Oct. 19, 2023
Re: [nexa] legal RDF? (was IA, lavoro, immaginari) [CDT:L4] [CDT:L7]
by M. Fioretti
Buongiorno Giovanni,
On Wed, Oct 18, 2023 19:25:45 PM +0200, 380° wrote:
> Innanzi tutto un _caveat_ deve sempre rimanare valido: semmai fosse
> tecnicamente possibile, le leggi NON DEVONO essere MAI automaticamente
> applicate da un computer.
so che a te non serve, ma nel caso altri avessero il dubbio: la penso
allo stesso modo.
Grazie per la spiegazione precisa della differenza fra le nostre due
proposte, che non si escludono a vicenda, giusto? Io sogno una
riscrittura di leggi, norme fiscali eccetera, che:
1) esprima esattamente le stesse regole, nel complesso, ma nel formato
piu' sintetico e piu' semplice possibile
2) rivista e validata da umani
e presumo che gli LLM o altre forme di "AI" potrebbero generare la
prima bozza della versione semplificata in pochissimo tempo. Questo e'
un lavoro che in principio sarebbe necessario solo UNA volta per
codice, o per Stato. E poi il risultato si potrebbe, anzi: si dovrebbe
senz'altro formattare con RDF o altri sistemi come dici tu, sotto
controllo delle versioni come diciamo tutti e due.
Io del lato RDF non mi sono mai occupato prima perche' mi
affascinavano troppo gli altri due, ma sarebbe bello lavorare
seriamente anche su quello. Ma una facolta' di giurisprudenza e una di
informatica che si mettano insieme per fare 'sta cosa seriamente si
trovano, magari con fondi EU? NEXA?????
Infine:
>
> --8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
>
> two societies entered into a long agreement (thousands of pages) and it
> ended up not meaning anything at all. This was determined by encoding
> the agreement in symbolic logic and then feeding it into a computer.
>
> --8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
> (https://www.sffworld.com/forum/threads/asimov-foundation-a-long-agreement-t…)
>
> L'accordo, quindi, NON /fu/ analizzato in forma di linguaggio naturale
> ma etc etc...
certo, ma quello che conta, almeno in sede di proposta/divulgazione,
e' l'idea generale, indipendente dall'implementazione: farsi indicare
dalle macchine le "falle" o ridondanze in un testo, per poi risolverle
e deciderne fra umani. E Asimov per questo tipo di esempi e' perfetto,
vedi l'osservazione che le allucinazioni non degli LLM ma dei
bambinoni che ci devono far soldi non sono altro che la distopia di
Solaria nel seguito di quel post:
https://mfioretti.substack.com/p/taking-ai-too-seriously-is-not-intelligent
> Ora, ammesso e /non concesso/ che quelli descritti nelle leggi
> (regolamenti, ecc.) siano problemi risolvibili algoritmicamente [2]
sempre e solo per chiarezza, nemmeno io penso questo. Quello che penso
e spero sia risolvibile algoritmicamente e' solo la individuazione di
ridondanze e contraddizioni, cioe' LLM che si leggono tutto il Codice
Civile, Penale, eccetera... per dirti cose come:
"questo articolo di 350 parole si potrebbe riscrivere con queste sole
100"
"il comma 3 della legge x dice cose non compatibili con l'articolo 20
della legge Y"
e null'altro
Per chiudere, a proposito di questo:
> there is a need for finding specific information contained in them,
> such as paragraphs, clauses, items and so on. With such support,
> users could find more specific information than only finding whole
> legal documents.
"quand'e' che ci decideremo a essere tecnicamente avanzati quanto la
BIBBIA???" dicevo nel 2010, riassunto qui:
https://stop.zona-m.net/2021/02/word-processing-we-are-doing-it-so-wrong/
Marco
--
http://mfioretti.substack.com
Oct. 19, 2023
La capitalizzazione dei dati, convegno ISTAT, 20 ottobre, Roma
by Davide Lamanna
Riflessioni approfondite a più voci nel convegno del 20 ottobre presso ISTAT, metteranno in luce la necessità di un cambiamento etico nel modo di produzione e consumo.
Parteciperò all'evento con un talk sulla capitalizzazione dei dati, fornendo spunti per sfuggire al controllo centralizzato.
Qui la monografia di cui parlo nel talk:
<https://quadernidelladecrescita.it/2023/08/21/la-capitalizzazione-dei-dati/>..
Qui una mia intervista:
<https://binarioetico.it/cloud-native/2023/09/19/monografia/>.
Qui il programma del convegno:
<https://www.decrescita.it/events/siamo-natura-o-capitali-presentazione-dei-…>.
E' possibile seguire da remoto:
<https://teams.microsoft.com/l/meetup-join/19%3ameeting_ZjA1ZmI5YTUtYjc2OC00…>.
D.
(null)
(null)
Oct. 18, 2023
legal RDF? (was IA, lavoro, immaginari) [CDT:L4] [CDT:L7]
by 380°
Buonasera Marco e lista,
perdonatemi per la spataffiata...
Innanzi tutto un _caveat_ deve sempre rimanare valido: semmai fosse
tecnicamente possibile, le leggi NON DEVONO essere MAI automaticamente
applicate da un computer.
"M. Fioretti" <mfioretti(a)nexaima.net> writes:
> On Mon, Oct 16, 2023 11:08:14 AM +0200, 380° wrote:
>
>> Ho già accennato altre volte a cosa potrebbe essere il corpora
>> legislativo, dal livello Costituzione fino alle ordinanze dei sindaci,
>> se le informazioni fossero descritte in una forma sintattica comoda di
>> RDF, immagazzinate in uno store adeguato e interrogate via
>> SPARQL... ovviamente un "summarizer" o on "topic analist" automatici
>> farebbero comodo ma il contesto sarebbe un'altro mondo.
>
> Stai parlando anche tu di quello che recentemente ho chiamato:
>
> "I want AI to do to law and tax codes what..."
>
> https://mfioretti.substack.com/p/how-to-tell-good-ai-from-bad-or-pointless
(salvato su Wayback Machine e archive.is)
> o di altro?
tu scrivi:
--8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
On another, much more critical front, I want AI to do to law and tax
codes what Seldon Hardin did to Lord Dorwin in the Foundation novels,
that is call out all the cruft, and throw it away (do read that quote,
it's important). That is, I want AI to parse whole codes, in order to:
1 write the shortest and simplest versions of the same codes that
produce exactly all the same effects
2 point out all the parts, and the resulting procedures, that are
ambiguous, uselessly complex, impossible to apply or mutually
contradictory ....
so that all the humans with the right skills (i.e. all lawyers, judges,
law students...) can parse and clean the results, possibly with rewards
for every bug they find, until human lawmakers and ministers can safely,
officially decree that those simpler codes are the new law of the land.
EDIT, added 2023/10/09 15:07 CEST: as proof of the need for such checks,
look at this case where one ambiguous “and” in one US law may have major
impact on thousands of federal prison sentences. Stuff like this must be
catched BEFORE sentences.
--8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
Io però mi riferisco a qualcosa d'altro, anche se oggettivamente
l'analisi dei testi per mezzo di sistemi (nano)LLM potrebbe aiutare
molto nell'opera di RDFizzazione delle leggi.
ATTENZIONE che nel passo che ho riportato sopra fai riferimento a
questo:
--8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
two societies entered into a long agreement (thousands of pages) and it
ended up not meaning anything at all. This was determined by encoding
the agreement in symbolic logic and then feeding it into a computer.
--8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
(https://www.sffworld.com/forum/threads/asimov-foundation-a-long-agreement-t…)
L'accordo, quindi, NON /fu/ analizzato in forma di linguaggio naturale
ma fu codificato con un linguaggio di logica simbolica [1] poi
/interpretato/ da un computer che evidenziò che l'accordo non
significava nulla.
Ora, ammesso e /non concesso/ che quelli descritti nelle leggi
(regolamenti, ecc.) siano problemi risolvibili algoritmicamente [2], non
è quello a cui mi riferisco... anche se confesso sarebbe un percorso che
mi affascina tantissimo... il fascino del male probabilmente :-)
Quello a cui mi riferisco è un sistema di formalizzazione delle
proposizioni legislative un po' meno farragginoso dei voli pindarici che
possiamo facilmente osservare e _molto_ meno rigido di sistemi
"schematici" come l'XML [3]; un sistema (probabilmente) descritto in
papers come questi (che non ho ancora letto):
1. «Towards Legal Knowledge Representation System Leveraging RDF»
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331305619_Towards_Legal_Knowledge_…
/This paper presents a model usable for a legal system knowledge
representation and an implementation of the German Civil Law System as
RDF ontology. In this work, different laws are determined in an
interconnected structure in order to bridge the gap between computer and
social sciences. This model will be created out of natural text, for
instance law texts or court decisions, by using a parsing algorithm to
build the model, information retrieval tools to extract information and
a reasoning algorithm to search and create connections between the
particular rules. The focus of this work is to develop the design of the
presented model, for an automated reusable entity generation extended by
third party knowledgebases./
2. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10506-023-09364-9
(maledizione è paywalled)!
A RDF-based graph to representing and searching parts of legal documents
Francisco de Oliveira & Jose Maria Parente de Oliveira
(2023)
/Despite the public availability of legal documents, there is a need for
finding specific information contained in them, such as paragraphs,
clauses, items and so on. With such support, users could find more
specific information than only finding whole legal documents. Some
research efforts have been made in this area, but there is still a lot
to be done to have legal information available more easily to be
found. Thus, due to the large number of published legal documents and
the high degree of connectivity, simple access to the document is not
enough. It is necessary to recover the related legal framework for a
specific need. In other words, the retrieval of the set of legal
documents and their parts related to a specific subject is
necessary. Therefore, in this work, we present a proposal of a RDF-based
graph to represent and search parts of legal documents, as the output of
a set of terms that represents the pursued legal information. Such a
proposal is well-grounded on an ontological view, which makes possible
to describe the general structure of a legal system and the structure of
legal documents, providing this way the grounds for the implementation
of the proposed RDF graph in terms of the meaning of their parts and
relationships. We posed several queries to retrieve parts of legal
documents related to sets of words and the results were significant./
3. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-321/paper2.pdf
The Legal-RDF Ontology. A Generic Model for Legal
/Legal-RDF.org1 publishes a practical ontology that models both the
layout and content of a document and metadata about the document; these
have been built using data models implicit within the HTML, XSL, and
Dublin Core dialects. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) form the foundation
of all models within the ontology, that is, DAGNode and DAGModel are the
base classes for all other ontology classes, which include a restatement
of RDF and OWL classes and properties as well as basic Kellog
parts-of-speech. The ontology also represents an explicit semantic model
used during its classifications: concrete classes are categorized as
some element of a dramatic production, that is, as a subclass of Actor,
Role, Scene, Prop, Theme, or Drama; this can be helpful during analyses
of semantic perspective and context associated with resource definitions
and attribute values. The LegalRDF ontology distinguishes between
predicate verbs and predicate nouns in its models of a Statement to
yield an intuitively appealing vocabulary that segregates attributes as
past, present, future, or conditional, information. To facilitate
development of generic tools, all data and object properties defined in
the ontology’s models are categorized as a subproperty of one of the 15
Dublin Core properties; provenance data, with emphasis on an asOf
timestamp, may be recorded for any attribute of a resource. Legal-RDF’s
numeric properties derive from the ISO Systeme Internationale
measurement systems; algebraic properties derive from XML Schema
datatypes; language and currency designations are based upon relevant
ISO standards; and time-zone designations are based on a review of local
and regional standards (with some modifications necessary to eliminate
collisions between the names of these properties and ISO standards). In
addition to classes that represent quantities, classes are included that
represent qualities that may be used to subtype or otherwise
characterize instances./
In parole povere, una versione "on-steroids" di leggi scritte con
l'ipertesto, per semplificare un po'.
>> Per non parlare di cosa si potrebbe fare se i codici fossero davvero
>> trattati come... programmi (SORGENTI) B-)
>
> verissimo, a partire dal sapere sempre chi e' che inserisce o cambia
> paragrafi per motivi piu' o meno discutibili:
>
> https://stop.zona-m.net/it/2015/09/e-ora-di-scrivere-le-leggi-come-il-softw…
--8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
Per computer e software, trattare leggi o il codice sorgente di tutti i
programmi software che usiamo è praticamente la stessa cosa. Entrambi i
tipi di “documenti”, infatti, sono semplice testo: magari formattato in
modi diversissimi, ma semplice testo. Ma i gruppi di programmatori di
tutto il mondo è da decenni che non devono mangiarsi il fegato per
capire CHI di loro ha modificato una certa riga di codice, o
quando. Perché loro usano sistemi di controllo delle versioni,
[...] Parliamoci chiaro: l’unico vero ostacolo di una soluzione del
genere sarebbe lo sforzo mentale, in chi dovrebbe usarlo, causato dal
dover imparare a scrivere testi con un nuovo programma. Sarà per questo
che in questo momento ho una morsa allo stomaco e le lacrime agli
occhi. Meglio rinunciarci, dai, non possiamo causare tanta sofferenza.
--8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
Sono completamente d'accordo con te.
Già solo usare un sistema di controllo versioni per leggi scritte in
qualche "markup" sano (già, perché i documenti scritti in ODT col cavolo
che si "versionano" bene) sarebbe un inizio...
...poi, piano piano, cominciare a trattare le leggi (e molti altri
codici) *esattamente* come "codice sorgente" (perché lo sono), con
*tutto* quello che comporta: uso di migliori formalizzazioni (RDF è un
valido esempio), gestione delle dipendenze/link... creazione di
/librerie/ legislative, del tutto _analoghe_ alle librerie software.
Poi un giorno chissà, nel 2256 cominceremo a scrivere le leggi in una
versione avanzata del Prolog :-O
C'è così tanto lavoro da fare!
Ciao e grazie, 380°
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic#Symbolic_logic
[2] molto probabilmente non lo sono:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecidable_problem#Relationship_with_G%C3%B6…'s_incompleteness_theorem
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_XML
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoma_Ntoso
--
380° (Giovanni Biscuolo public alter ego)
«Noi, incompetenti come siamo,
non abbiamo alcun titolo per suggerire alcunché»
Disinformation flourishes because many people care deeply about injustice
but very few check the facts. Ask me about <https://stallmansupport.org>.
Oct. 18, 2023
Taking AI too seriously is not intelligent (For most of us, that is)
by Marco Fioretti
ultimo numero della mia newsletter, ispirato anche dalle recenti discussioni su questa lista:
https://mfioretti.substack.com/p/taking-ai-too-seriously-is-not-intelligent (https://mfioretti.substack.com/p/taking-ai-too-seriously-is-not-intelligent)
Marco
Oct. 18, 2023
Re: [nexa] The Westminster Declaration (on the "Censorship Industrial Complex"). [CDT:L3]
by 380°
380° <g380(a)biscuolo.net> writes:
> --8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
[...]
> Censorship robs us of the richness of life itself. Free speech is the
> foundation for creating a life of meaning and a thriving humanity –
> through art, poetry, drama, story, philosophy, song, and more.
Song... si da il caso (caso?!?) che quasi esattamente 39 anni fa, il 12
Novembre 1984, fu pubblicato il quarto album degli Eurythmics dal titolo
«1984 (For the Love of Big Brother)» [1], colonna sonora del film
«Nineteen Eighty-Four» [2] dello stesso anno, tratto dal romanzo di
George Orwell del... 1949
Il brano forse di maggior successo dell'album di cui sopra è «Sexcrime
(Nineteen Eighty-Four)» [3], che a mo' di /esorcismo/ vi invito ad
ascoltare _a_palla_ (con delle buone cuffie):
https://yewtu.be/watch?v=DLevqpLSr14
Tra le poche parole, il testo recita:
--8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
I'll pull the bricks down
One by one
(Yeah!)
Leave a big hole in the wall
Just where you are looking in
--8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
Nemmeno troppo velato riferimento a un'altra icona della musica rock:
«The wall» dei Pink Floyd, del 1979 (30 anni dopo il romanzo 1984).
Arte, poesia, storia, filosofia... canzoni.
«Sono solo canzonette» (?!?)
...sono solo romanzi?
Saluti, 380°
[...]
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_(For_the_Love_of_Big_Brother)
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four_(1984_film)
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexcrime_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)_(song)
--
380° (Giovanni Biscuolo public alter ego)
«Noi, incompetenti come siamo,
non abbiamo alcun titolo per suggerire alcunché»
Disinformation flourishes because many people care deeply about injustice
but very few check the facts. Ask me about <https://stallmansupport.org>.
Oct. 18, 2023
The Westminster Declaration (on the "Censorship Industrial Complex"). [CDT:L7]
by 380°
Buongiorno,
...perché purtroppo sì: tocca /ancora/ ribadire l'ovvio.
«“free” as in “free speech,” not as in “free beer.” »
(https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html)
https://www.severint.net/2023/10/18/dokumentiert-the-westminster-declaratio…
--8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
We write as journalists, artists, authors, activists, technologists, and
academics to warn of increasing international censorship that threatens
to erode centuries-old democratic norms.
Coming from the left, right, and centre, we are united by our commitment
to universal human rights and freedom of speech, and we are all deeply
concerned about attempts to label protected speech as ‘misinformation,'
‘disinformation,' and other ill-defined terms.
This abuse of these terms has resulted in the censorship of ordinary
people, journalists, and dissidents in countries all over the world.
Such interference with the right to free speech suppresses valid
discussion about matters of urgent public interest, and undermines the
foundational principles of representative democracy.
Across the globe, government actors, social media companies,
universities, and NGOs are increasingly working to monitor citizens and
rob them of their voices. These large-scale coordinated efforts are
sometimes referred to as the ‘Censorship-Industrial Complex.'
This complex often operates through direct government
policies. [Authorities in India] and [Turkey] have seized the power to
remove political content from social media. The [legislature in Germany]
and the [Supreme Court in Brazil] are criminalising political speech. In
other countries, measures such as [Ireland's ‘Hate Speech' Bill],
[Scotland's Hate Crime Act], the [UK's Online Safety Bill], and
[Australia's ‘Misinformation' Bill] threaten to severely restrict
expression and create a chilling effect.
But the Censorship Industrial Complex operates through more subtle
methods. These include visibility filtering, labelling, and manipulation
of search engine results. Through deplatforming and flagging, social
media censors have already silenced lawful opinions on topics of
national and geopolitical importance. They have done so with the full
support of ‘disinformation experts' and ‘fact-checkers' in the
mainstream media, who have abandoned the journalistic values of debate
and intellectual inquiry.
As the Twitter Files revealed, tech companies often perform censorial
‘content moderation' in coordination with government agencies and civil
society. Soon, the European Union's Digital Services Act will formalise
this relationship by giving platform data to ‘vetted researchers' from
NGOs and academia, relegating our speech rights to the discretion of
these unelected and unaccountable entities.
Some [politicians and NGOs] are even aiming to target end-to-end
encrypted messaging apps like [WhatsApp, Signal, and Telegram]. If
end-to-end encryption is broken, we will have no remaining avenues for
authentic private conversations in the digital sphere.
Although foreign disinformation between states is a real issue, agencies
designed to combat these threats, such as the Cybersecurity and
Infrastructure Security Agency in the United States, are increasingly
being turned inward against the public. Under the guise of preventing
harm and protecting truth, speech is being treated as a permitted
activity rather than an inalienable right.
We recognize that words can sometimes cause offence, but we reject the
idea that hurt feelings and discomfort, even if acute, are grounds for
censorship. Open discourse is the central pillar of a free society, and
is essential for holding governments accountable, empowering vulnerable
groups, and reducing the risk of tyranny.
Speech protections are not just for views we agree with; we must
strenuously protect speech for the views that we most strongly
oppose. Only in the public square can these views be heard and properly
challenged.
What's more, time and time again, unpopular opinions and ideas have
eventually become conventional wisdom. By labelling certain political or
scientific positions as ‚misinformation‘ or ‚malinformation,‘ our
societies risk getting stuck in false paradigms that will rob humanity
of hard-earned knowledge and obliterate the possibility of gaining new
knowledge. Free speech is our best defence against disinformation.
The attack on speech is not just about distorted rules and regulations –
it is a crisis of humanity itself. Every equality and justice campaign
in history has relied on an open forum to voice dissent. In countless
examples, including the abolition of slavery and the civil rights
movement, social progress has depended on freedom of expression.
We do not want our children to grow up in a world where they live in
fear of speaking their minds. We want them to grow up in a world where
their ideas can be expressed, explored and debated openly – a world that
the founders of our democracies envisioned when they enshrined free
speech into our laws and constitutions.
The US First Amendment is a strong example of how the right to freedom
of speech, of the press, and of conscience can be firmly protected under
the law. One need not agree with the U.S. on every issue to acknowledge
that this is a vital ‚first liberty‘ from which all other liberties
follow. It is only through free speech that we can denounce violations
of our rights and fight for new freedoms.
There also exists a clear and robust international protection for free
speech. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted in
1948 in response to atrocities committed during World War II. Article 19
of the UDHR states, ‚Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and
expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without
interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers.‘ While there may be a
need for governments to regulate some aspects of social media, such as
age limits, these regulations should never infringe on the human right
to freedom of expression.
As is made clear by Article 19, the corollary of the right to free
speech is the right to information. In a democracy, no one has a
monopoly over what is considered to be true. Rather, truth must be
discovered through dialogue and debate – and we cannot discover truth
without allowing for the possibility of error.
Censorship in the name of ‚preserving democracy‘ inverts what should be
a bottom-up system of representation into a top-down system of
ideological control. This censorship is ultimately counter-productive:
it sows mistrust, encourages radicalization, and de-legitimizes the
democratic process.
In the course of human history, attacks on free speech have been a
precursor to attacks on all other liberties. Regimes that eroded free
speech have always inevitably weakened and damaged other core democratic
structures. In the same fashion, the elites that push for censorship
today are also undermining democracy. What has changed though, is the
broad scale and technological tools through which censorship can be
enacted.
We believe that free speech is essential for ensuring our safety from
state abuses of power – abuses that have historically posed a far
greater threat than the words of lone individuals or even organised
groups. For the sake of human welfare and flourishing, we make the
following 3 calls to action.
• We call on governments and international organisations to fulfill
their responsibilities to the people and to uphold Article 19 of the
UDHR.
• We call on tech corporations to undertake to protect the digital
public square as defined in Article 19 of the UDHR and refrain from
politically motivated censorship, the censorship of dissenting voices,
and censorship of political opinion.
• And finally, we call on the general public to join us in the fight to
preserve the people's democratic rights. Legislative changes are not
enough. We must also build an atmosphere of free speech from the
ground up by rejecting the climate of intolerance that encourages
self-censorship and that creates unnecessary personal strife for
many. Instead of fear and dogmatism, we must embrace inquiry and
debate.
We stand for your right to ask questions. Heated arguments, even those
that may cause distress, are far better than no arguments at all.
Censorship robs us of the richness of life itself. Free speech is the
foundation for creating a life of meaning and a thriving humanity –
through art, poetry, drama, story, philosophy, song, and more.
This declaration was the result of an initial meeting of free speech
champions from around the world who met in Westminster, London, at the
end of June 2023. As signatories of this statement, we have fundamental
political and ideological disagreements. However, it is only by coming
together that we will defeat the encroaching forces of censorship so
that we can maintain our ability to openly debate and challenge one
another. It is in the spirit of difference and debate that we sign the
Westminster Declaration.
[List of Signatories]
References:
[Authorities in India]
<http://slate.com/technology/2023/04/twitter-blocked-pakistan-india-modi-mus…>
[Turkey]
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/13/turkey-twitter-musk-erd…>
[legislature in Germany]
<https://www.dw.com/en/germany-criminalizes-denying-war-crimes-genocide/a-63…>
[Supreme Court in Brazil]
<http://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-government-af5987e833a681e6…>
[Ireland's ‘Hate Speech' Bill]
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/06/17/irish-people-jailed-hate-s…>
[Scotland's Hate Crime Act]
<https://www.economist.com/the-world-ahead/2021/11/08/scotlands-new-hate-cri…>
[UK's Online Safety Bill]
<http://techcrunch.com/2023/07/05/uk-online-safety-bill-risks-e2ee>
[Australia's ‘Misinformation' Bill]
<http://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-25/fines-to-punish-online-misinformation…>
[politicians and NGOs] <http://meedan.com/project/cryptochat>
[WhatsApp, Signal, and Telegram]
<http://echcrunch.com/2023/07/05/uk-online-safety-bill-risks-e2ee/>
[List of Signatories]
<https://www.severint.net/2023/10/18/dokumentiert-unterzeichner-der-westmins…>
--8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
Cordiali saluti, 380°
--
380° (Giovanni Biscuolo public alter ego)
«Noi, incompetenti come siamo,
non abbiamo alcun titolo per suggerire alcunché»
Disinformation flourishes because many people care deeply about injustice
but very few check the facts. Ask me about <https://stallmansupport.org>.
Oct. 18, 2023
Re: [nexa] IA, lavoro, immaginari [CDT:L3] [CDT:L5] [CDT:L-1]
by Maria Chiara Pievatolo
On 14/10/23 10:23, 380° wrote:
>
> Non so come sia possibile ma a me questa analisi critica kantiana è
> /intuitivamente/ chiara, direi scontata: un po' come dovrebbe essere
> scontato a qualsiasi geografo/astrofisico che la mappa del pianeta terra
> NON è il pianeta terra [1], analogamente a un informatico dovrebbe
> essere chiaro che il modello usato nell'algoritmo implementato nel
> programma [2] non corrisponde all'"oggetto" studiato, a meno che non ci
> si /limiti/ a fare lo spelling di "sugar" o a calcolare "2 + 2" (numeri
> in base 10) [1].
>
> In altre perole, non *deve* bastare il "giochino" di dire che un certo
> modello dell'universo è giusto e un'altro sbagliato con giustificazini
> "sensibili", occorre saper spiegare _perché_ e, di conseguenza, fare in
> modo che _altri_ possano liberamente /giudicare/ qual'è quello
> relativamente più sbagliato. [1]
>
Questa è anche la differenza fra scienza e opinione corretta che si
ritrova anche in Platone
https://btfp.sp.unipi.it/dida/menone/ar01s19.xhtml
- tanto è vero che, per alcuni aspetti, Kant potrebbe anche essere
trattato come un platonico moderno (*)
Che la realtà sia diversa dai "dati" e dalle elaborazioni che ne
facciamo non è per tutti così scontato. Come ha ricordato Guido Vetere,
nel 2008 (https://www.wired.com/2008/06/pb-theory/) qualcuno ha
proclamato che quando abbiamo molti dati e una potenza di calcolo
abbastanza grande andare alla ricerca delle cause non serve più: bastano
le correlazioni.
Per capire quanto sia tolemaico questo modo di pensare non occorre
nemmeno scomodare Kant, ma è sufficiente David Hume (a cui Kant
riconosceva il merito di averlo svegliato dal suo sonno dogmatico):
dalla circostanza che siamo abituati a vedere B seguire ad A perché ne
abbiamo fatto esperienza tantissime volte non possiamo derivare che A è
causa di B. L'esperienza ci dice soltanto che *finora* abbiamo visto A e
B in correlazione. Non ci può dire, come esperienza, che ciò avverrà
anche un domani che non abbiamo ancora esperito.[**)
Le nostre abitudini sono solo le nostre abitudini, non la struttura
della realtà: pare ovvio, ma moltissimi sono andati dietro a Chris Anderson.
E analogamente, il fatto che io sia in grado di *imitare* con la una
tecnica certi fenomeni e comportamenti non significa che li abbia
compresi.(***) I fratelli Lumière, con la loro tecnica, *imitarono* in
modo così convincente l'arrivo di un treno da far scappare gli
spettatori dalla sala. Avevano capito il funzionamento della locomotiva
a vapore? No, avevano inventato
il cinematografo.
L'informatico assolutista si rende conto che saper *imitare* qualcosa in
modo da indurre i più a *interpretare* la sua imitazione come se fosse
la cosa stessa non significa, di per sé, averla anche compresa?
Weizenbaum, già con ELIZA, notò che la settorializzazione della nostra
cultura e del nostro modo di trasmetterla era tale che la risposta più
probabile a questa domanda era "no".
Buonanotte,
MCP
(*)Per farsi un'idea della differenza fra Kant e Platone bisogna
guardare due passi della Critica della ragion pura, uno
nell'Introduzione (parola chiave: "colomba") e l'altro nel primo libro
della Dialettica trascendentale (Sezione I. Delle idee in generale), ma
andrei molto fuori tema.
(**) N. Taleb, riproponendo qualcosa di filosoficamente ben noto, ha
scritto un libro di successo proprio sul cigno nero che da solo
distrugge la correlazione abituale fra i cigni e il colore bianco.
(***) L'imitazione (mimesis) tramite la tecnica produce sapere? Secondo
Platone, no: https://btfp.sp.unipi.it/dida/resp/ar01s48.xhtml
Oct. 18, 2023
Re: [nexa] "Why only 1% of the Snowden Archive will ever be published" [CDT:L-1]
by 380°
Buongiorno,
andate a chiedere alla intelligence dei *cattivi* se non hanno almeno il
50% dei file non pubblicati :-O
Quello non è materiale per giornalisti, è materiale per /archeologi/.
“The main reason for only a small percentage [...] was diminishing
interest.”
mavaff...
"J.C. DE MARTIN" <juancarlos.demartin(a)polito.it> writes:
> *Why only 1% of the Snowden Archive will ever be published
> *
> /Speaking to Computer Weekly after we published new revelations from the
> Snowden archive, the Guardian’s Pulitzer Prize winner, Ewen MacAskill,
> explains why more of the Snowden trove is unlikely to see the light of
> day/
>
> By Stefania Maurizi, Published: 11 Oct 2023 10:30
[...]
--8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
“The bottom line is that Snowden is facing charges under the Espionage
Act. If he was ever to return to the US and face trial, the documents
could be used against him. All journalists have a duty to protect source
material. How best to do that? How long would The New York Times be
willing to store them? Where else could they be stored? Should the
documents be destroyed?”
--8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
Ecco appunto, è inutile che ci girano (giriamo?) in giro, è ovvio il
motivo per il quale pochissimo del materiale è stato pubblicato, si
chiama "Effetto Julian Assange & Co."
...non appena la soglia di pericolo di essere sottoposti a simili
trattamenti scenderà sollo il livello "normale", ne vedremo delle belle.
> continua qui:
> https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366554957/Why-only-1-of-the-Snowden-Arc…
É la seconda parte di questo articolo:
«New revelations from the Snowden archive surface»
/A decade after Snowden exposed NSA’s mass surveillance in cooperation
with the British GCHQ, only about 1% of the documents have been
published – but three major facts can finally be revealed thanks to a
doctoral thesis in applied cryptography by Jacob Appelbaum/
By Stefania Maurizi, Published: 19 Sep 2023 21:58
https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366552520/New-revelations-from-the-Snow…
Toh: Jacob Applebaum, il molestatore sessuale seriale [1]!... deve
essere una malattia trasmissibile dei "top manager" di Wikileaks e
dintorni... oppure "Gomblotto" come piace dire al FAT CHECKER quadratico
medio!?!
Poi dopo un periodo *quasi* sottotraccia, salta fuori bello bello con la
sua tesi di dottorato «Communication in a world of pervasive surveillance
- Sources and methods: Counter-strategies against pervasive surveillance
architecture» [2] con avisors Tanja Lange, D.J. Bernstein [3]
L'articolo racconta che nella tesi Applebaum fa tre nuove rilelazioni,
una delle quali non è per nulla nuova quindi chissenefrega:
--8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
1. The NSA listed Cavium, an American semiconductor company marketing
Central Processing Units (CPUs) – the main processor in a computer
which runs the operating system and applications – as a successful
example of a “SIGINT-enabled” CPU supplier. Cavium, now owned by
Marvell, said it does not implement back doors for any government.
2. The NSA compromised lawful Russian interception infrastructure,
SORM. The NSA archive contains slides showing two Russian officers
wearing jackets with a slogan written in Cyrillic: “You talk, we
listen.” The NSA and/or GCHQ has also compromised Key European LI
[lawful interception] systems.
[...] “The NSA’s successful cryptographic enabling is by definition the
introduction of intentional security vulnerabilities that they are then
able to exploit, and they do exploit them often in an automated fashion
to spy,” he said. “One such method is sabotaging a secure random
generator.”
[...] Will the 99% of the Snowden archive ever be published?
How many important revelations like these do the unpublished documents
still contain? It is impossible to say so long as the archive remains
unpublished. It is also unclear how many copies of the full archive
remain available and who has access to them.
[...] it was a terrible day when The Guardian allowed GCHQ to destroy
the copy of the archive in the UK. [...] “A copy of the Snowden
documents remains locked in an office at The Times, as far as I know.”
[...] We asked The Intercept whether the publication is still in
possession of the Snowden file. A spokesperson replied: “The Intercept
does not discuss confidential news-gathering materials.”
--8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---
La rivelazione 2. non è altro che la conferma che ECHELON è vivo e
vegeto e ha solo cambiato nome.
La 1. è la conferma che le backdoors della _crittografia_ *sono*
implementate anche nei microprocessori, e questo è probabilmente uno dei
motivi per il quale il 99% degli Snowden files sono gelosamente
mantenuti segreti... come i segreti di pulcinella.
Security by obscurity è una boiata, lo sanno tutti... ma sono talmente
OLTRE la disperazione che adesso non possono fare altro che
/disperatamente/ tentare di mantenere segrete le backdoors nella
speranza che non siano sfruttate dai *cattivi*.
Lo dico in un'altro modo, così forse si capisce meglio: secondo voi
quanto ci metteranno i *cattivi* a compromettere i sistemi chiave dei
*buoni*?
Saluti, 380°
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Appelbaum#Allegations_of_sexual_miscond…
[2] https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/197416841/20220325_Appelbaum_hf.p…
355 pagine in PDF A4
[3] sì, quello di "Bernstein v. United States" del 1995 sulla
costituzionalità delle norme USA in merito alla crittografia, caso
permanentemente "on hold"
https://cr.yp.to/export/2003/10.15-bernstein.txt
...perché gli USA sono uno stato di diritto "sulla parola".
P.S.: e dire che per un breve periodo durante i miei studi in materia ho
temuto, anche grazie all'insopportabile pressione ambientale, di essere
affetto da complottismo :-D
--
380° (Giovanni Biscuolo public alter ego)
«Noi, incompetenti come siamo,
non abbiamo alcun titolo per suggerire alcunché»
Disinformation flourishes because many people care deeply about injustice
but very few check the facts. Ask me about <https://stallmansupport.org>.
Oct. 17, 2023
Re: [nexa] Doctorow, "Why Big Tech, Cops, and Spies Were Made for One Another"
by Angelo Raffaele Meo
In Italia il GPDP, che ha inflitto una multa pesantissima alla Bocconi per aver svolto esami remoti con un prodotto poco sicuro. ha ignorato il fatto che la maggioranza delle scuole italiane per anni ha continuato a usare ben noti prodotti vietati dalle norme di legge comunitarie e nazionali.
________________________________
From: nexa <nexa-bounces(a)server-nexa.polito.it> on behalf of J.C. DE MARTIN <juancarlos.demartin(a)polito.it>
Sent: Monday, October 16, 2023 2:27 PM
To: Nexa <nexa(a)server-nexa.polito.it>
Subject: [nexa] Doctorow, "Why Big Tech, Cops, and Spies Were Made for One Another"
Why Big Tech, Cops, and Spies Were Made for One Another
The American surveillance state is a public-private partnership.
Cory Doctorow (16 dicembre 2023)
(Cory Doctorow’s latest book is “The Internet Con: How to Seize the Means of Computation.”)
The techlash has finally reached the courts. Amazon’s in court. Google’s in court. Apple’s under EU investigation. The French authorities just kicked down Nvidia’s doors and went through their files looking for evidence of crimes against competition. People are pissed at tech: about moderation, about monopolization, about price gouging, about labor abuses, and — everywhere and always — about privacy.
>From experience, I can tell you that Silicon Valley techies are pretty sanguine about commercial surveillance: “Why should I care if Google wants to show me better ads?” But they are much less cool about government spying: “The NSA? Those are the losers who weren’t smart enough to get an interview at Google.”
And likewise from experience, I can tell you that government employees and contractors are pretty cool with state surveillance: “Why would I worry about the NSA spying on me? I already gave the Office of Personnel Management a comprehensive dossier of all possible kompromat in my past when I got my security clearance.” But they are far less cool with commercial surveillance: “Google? Those creeps would sell their mothers for a nickel. To the Chinese.”
What are they both missing? That American surveillance is a public-private partnership: a symbiosis between a concentrated tech sector that has the means, motive, and opportunity to spy on every person in the world and a state that loves surveillance as much as it hates checks and balances.
Big Tech, cops, and surveillance agencies were made for one another.
[...]
continua qui: https://theintercept.com/2023/10/16/surveillance-state-big-tech/
Oct. 16, 2023