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- 33 participants
- 118 messages
Re: [nexa] Must-Read Empirical Study of 47 USC 230 Jurisprudence byDavid Ardia
by Andrea Glorioso
Caro Ugo,
premetto che non ho avuto occasione di leggere lo studio di cui ho
mandato il riferimento qui in lista. E' una pratica che adotto molto
spesso (e non credo di essere il solo) quello di disseminare puntatori a
documenti sperando che altri li leggano e li sintetizzino. :)
Nel merito, non per avere l'ultima parola, ma solo per cercare di
chiarire (anche a me stesso) il mio pensiero, riprendo il più brevemente
possibili i tre punti che sintetizzi.
Premetto che vorrei evitare, per quanto possibile, di concentrarmi sullo
specifico caso Google/Vividown: sia perché, a titolo personale, trovo la
sentenza di primo grado mal ragionata, senza per questo trarre
conclusioni a priori circa le eventuali responsabilità
dell'intermediario in questione; sia perché credo che il problema della
relazione tra diritto alla privacy/protezione dei dati personali e il
ruolo degli intermediari su Internet sia di portata ben più ampia, come
del resto mi pare abbia sostenuto tu stesso qualche email addietro.
La differenza tra "conoscenza dei dati" e "conoscenza dell'illecito" è
senz'altro un punto su cui riflettere. Però noto che diversi
intermediari - tra cui lo stesso Google, ahimé tocca sempre citarlo -
non si pongono lo stesso problema quando si tratta di copyright: vedi
l'uso di sistemi di fingerprinting e riconoscimento automatico delle
tracce audio che portano ad una sospensione *automatica* di un video
caricato su YouTube, elidendo di fatto la differenza tra "conoscenza del
dato" (in questo caso non personale, direi) e "conoscenza dell'illecito"
(che in molti casi non sussiste). Come dire che a seconda delle
pressioni che vengono applicate, gli intermediari si muovono più o meno
rapidamente (e in direzioni più o meno rispettose dei diritti di tutte
le parti).
Circa le responsabilità del "data processor" v quelle del "data
controller", siamo ovviamente d'accordo. Per questo ho detto che il
punto centrale, nel caso da cui siamo partiti ma anche in molti altri, è
proprio quello di una corretta comprensione della fattispecie a cui
ricondurre il ruolo dell'intermediario. Tuttavia, dato il business model
di molti degli attuali intermediari, nutro qualche dubbio che chi si
professa semplice "processor" non sia in realtà anche un "controller".
Punto su cui la sentenza Google/Vividown certo non fa la chiarezza che
invece sarebbe necessaria.
Grazie infine per il riferimento alla sentenza della Corte
Costituzionale tedesca sulla trasposizione nazionale della Data
Retention Directive, di cui ho letto la sintesi, non essendo - che io
sappia - disponibile una traduzione inglese (a differenza della sentenza
della Corte Costituzionale rumena sul medesimo argomento). Questi ed
altri sviluppi legali e politici rafforzano il mio convincimento che la
riflessione sul "nuovo" diritto all'autodeterminazione informazionle è
urgente e necessaria.
Grazie per la (come sempre) stimolante discussione,
Andrea
On 7/12/2010 3:09 PM, ugo.pagallo(a)unito.it wrote:
> Caro Andrea,
>
> grazie (come sempre) per la segnalazione dello studio: al
> di là delle sue statistiche (il diavolo è nei dettagli),
> mi sembra sin d'ora confermata l'analisi fatta sul 230
> DMCA.
> Questo mi consente di riprendere i (tre, in sostanza)
> punti da te avanzati nell'email di ieri.
> Sul primo ha risposto a sua volta Alessandro Mantelero,
> distinguendo tra "trattamento dei dati" e "percezione
> dell'illecito". Non vedo perché, come dici, "appare
> difficile sostenere che un 'data processor' non abbia una
> conoscenza attiva dei medesimi [dati]". Tutto sta a
> intendere cosa vuol dire "attivo" in un mondo in cui, come
> ricorda la sentenza Google/YouTube v Viacom dalla quale
> eravamo partiti, vengono caricati su YouTube 24 ore di
> video al minuto! Larry Lessig ha ricordato tre/quattro
> mesi fa su La Stampa come, almeno allo stato, non abbiamo
> certo la tecnologia per prevenire, diciamo, un reato di
> diffamazione... (da dove era viceversa partito il caso
> Google/Vividown).
> Secondo punto: affermi che il "data processor ha comunque
> certe responsabilità". E ci mancherebbe! Solo che NON sono
> quelle del dato controller! Per dirne una, non si tratta
> mai di sanzioni penali (come nel caso Google Vividown).
> Gira e rigira, il punto è sempre questo: ai fini della
> normativa sulla privacy (data protection), l'ISP
> 'processors' (nell'italiano della legge, sic!, risponde
> dei) dati immessi autonomamente dall'utente (e.g., user
> generated content), il quale ultimo dunque ne è l'unico
> titolare del trattamento, ovvero, come data controller. Ai
> fini della normativa sull'e-commerce, l'ISP non ha nessun
> obbligo di vigilanza. Ergo, quello che propongo è de iure
> condito, non condendo. L'ISP è 'data controller' (titolare
> del trattamento) con annesse responsabilità (anche
> penali):
> a) Nei rapporti contrattuali con i propri utenti;
> b) Quando viene attivato dall'autorità competente o ai
> sensi di legge;
> c) Quando tratta a fini propri e ulteriori le informazioni
> immesse dagli utenti, anche riguardo terzi.
> Infine, sul concetto di "informational self-determination"
> se ne è occupata, sempre lei!, di recente: Corte
> costituzionale tedesca, sentenza del 2 marzo 2010, 1 BvR
> 256/08. Siccome, come spesso capita col BVG, è una
> sentenza molto corposa, ne parliamo, se mai, con altra
> posta.
> Ciao a tutti,
> Ugo
>>
>> ------------------ Messaggio originale -------------------
>> Oggetto: [nexa] Must-Read Empirical Study of 47 USC 230
>> Jurisprudence byDavid Ardia
>> Da: "Andrea Glorioso" <andrea(a)digitalpolicy.it>
>> Data: Lun, 12 Luglio 2010, 10:13 am
>> A: nexa(a)server-nexa.polito.it
>> ----------------------------------------------------------
>>
>> Sempre su intermediari e responsabilità, a proposito dei
>> "modello
>> americano":
>>
>> http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/06/ardias_empirica.htm
>>
>> Technology & Marketing Law Blog
>>
>> « Payment Service Providers May Be Liable for Counterfeit
>> Website
>> Sales--Gucci v. Frontline | Main | Recent Anti-SLAPP
>> Developments »
>> June 30, 2010
>> Must-Read Empirical Study of 47 USC 230 Jurisprudence by
>> David Ardia
>>
>> By Eric Goldman
>>
>> David S. Ardia, Free Speech Savior or Shield for
>> Scoundrels: An
>> Empirical Study of Intermediary Immunity Under Section 230
>> of the
>> Communications Decency Act, 43 Loyola of Los Angeles Law
>> Review 373 (2010)
>>
>> Let me start with the punchline: if you are interested in
>> 47 USC 230
>> jurisprudence (and let's face it, who isn't???), then you
>> need to read
>> this article. In fact, clear your calendar for this
>> afternoon. Although
>> I am not completely sold on its conclusions, any cogent
>> discussion about
>> 47 USC 230 jurisprudential trendlines must acknowledge
>> this article.
>>
>> David Ardia directs the Citizen Media Law Project, a
>> frequent outlink on
>> this blog. He undertook the heroic (and some might say
>> ill-advised) task
>> of finding and coding 47 USC 230 cases--a total of 184
>> decisions--and
>> then generating some statistical conclusions from the
>> dataset. This is
>> not a project I would have undertaken because empirical
>> research is such
>> a quagmire, but we as a community of 47 USC 230 scholars
>> and
>> practitioners get the benefit of David's efforts.
>>
>> (I should note that David sent me a draft of this article
>> last Fall,
>> which sat unread in my inbox for 3 months. I then sent
>> David an
>> extremely lengthy and detailed set of comments about a
>> week before his
>> final edits were due to the law review. Some of my
>> critiques are not
>> news to David, but he may not have had a chance to fully
>> address them
>> based on my delayed feedback.)
>>
>> (I further note that I have not doublechecked David’s
>> dataset or coding.
>> For this post, I assume he did it “correctly.”)
>>
>> If you have limited time (the PDF is 134 pages), start on
>> page 41 of the
>> PDF, which is where the empirical discussions heat up.
>> There is a lot to
>> discuss and explore, but I will highlight two significant
>> statistical
>> conclusions.
>>
>> First, the paper calculates that 230 defendants win the
>> defense "only"
>> about 2/3 of the time, leading him to conclude that the
>> statute "has not
>> been the free pass many of its proponents claim and its
>> critics lament."
>> This is an interesting conclusion, but it leaves me
>> wondering how this
>> compares with the hypothetical calculation of cases where
>> the 230
>> defense should have failed vs. the situations where it
>> should have
>> succeeded. Still, I am one of the people who thinks 230 is
>> a free pass
>> for defendants, so the successful batting average was
>> lower than I expected.
>>
>> Second, the paper makes the following assertion on page
>> 108:
>>
>> "many of the intermediaries that invoked section 230
>> likely would not
>> have faced eventual liability under the common law because
>> they lacked
>> knowledge of and editorial control over the third-party
>> content at issue
>> in the cases. Given this prediction, one might question
>> whether section
>> 230 is necessary."
>>
>> Whoa! This is an important and implicitly troubling
>> statement. The paper
>> is positing an alternative scenario where 230 doesn't
>> exist and arguing
>> that we might not notice a difference. Of course, we know
>> that other
>> countries are having very different experiences with UGC
>> due to the
>> 230's absence. At the same time, US common law still
>> differs from other
>> countries' laws, so perhaps the US common law's trajectory
>> would have
>> reached a similar place. Having said that, for reasons the
>> paper does
>> explore, we are better off for having the statutory
>> immunity than
>> relying on common law developments. Furthermore, 230’s
>> real brilliance
>> is that it immunizes service providers *because they
>> exercise* editorial
>> control, which leads to better outcomes.
>>
>> I'll briefly mention two other stats that puzzled me.
>>
>> On page 59, the paper says: "in more than half of the
>> section 230
>> decisions (58.8%), the speech at issue was not published
>> anonymously."
>> Later, on page 115, the paper advances the inverse stat:
>> "41.2% of the
>> decisions studied involved anonymous content." In theory,
>> this means 40%
>> of cases involve primary tortfeasors who can't be found,
>> but I'm
>> skeptical about this because successful online anonymity
>> is really hard.
>> After all, the AutoAdmit authors thought they were
>> anonymous until they
>> were de-anonymized. For more, see Paul Ohm's paper on
>> reidentification.
>>
>> On page 117, the paper says "in more than half of the
>> cases (55%), the
>> content plaintiffs sued over was no longer available as of
>> mid-2009,"
>> which suggests plaintiffs can get content takedowns
>> despite 230 because
>> the service provider voluntarily helps or the author takes
>> the content
>> down him/herself (or, in some cases, the court ordered the
>> takedown).
>> This brought to mind the Ripoff Report's refusal to remove
>> content at
>> the author's request, a relatively unique posture for UGC
>> hosts. See
>> Blockowicz v. Williams.
>>
>> The paper gives me another reason to remind you that SCU
>> will be hosting
>> a 47 USC 230 celebration on March 4, 2011, where I hope we
>> will discuss
>> cutting-edge research on 230 like this paper. More details
>> to come, but
>> mark your calendar now. If you are working on 230-related
>> research that
>> you think might be appropriate to present at this
>> conference, please
>> contact me.
>>
>> UPDATE: David's CMLP blog post on his article.
>> ____________
>>
>> The abstract:
>>
>> In the thirteen years since its enactment, section 230 of
>> the
>> Communications Decency Act has become one of the most
>> important statutes
>> impacting online speech, as well as one of the most
>> intensely
>> criticized. In deceptively simple language, its provisions
>> sweep away
>> the common law’s distinction between publisher and
>> distributor
>> liability, granting operators of Web sites and other
>> interactive
>> computer services broad protection from claims based on
>> the speech of
>> third parties. Section 230 is of critical importance
>> because virtually
>> all speech that occurs on the Internet is facilitated by
>> private
>> intermediaries that have a fragile commitment to the
>> speech they facilitate.
>>
>> This Article presents the first empirical study of the
>> section 230 case
>> law. It begins by providing a doctrinal overview of common
>> law liability
>> for intermediaries, both online and offline, and describes
>> how section
>> 230 modifies these doctrinal approaches. It then
>> systematically analyzes
>> the 184 decisions courts have issued since the statute’s
>> enactment. The
>> Article also examines how courts have applied section 230,
>> finding that
>> judges have been haphazard in their approach to its
>> application.
>>
>> The Article closes by discussing the study’s findings and
>> by offering
>> some insights into how plaintiffs and defendants have
>> fared under
>> section 230. While section 230 has largely protected
>> intermediaries from
>> liability for third-party speech, it has not been the free
>> pass many of
>> its proponents claim and its critics lament. More than a
>> third of the
>> claims at issue in the cases survived a section 230
>> defense. Even in
>> cases where the court dismissed the claims, intermediaries
>> bore
>> liability in the form of litigation costs, and it took
>> courts, on
>> average, nearly a year to issue decisions addressing an
>> intermediary’s
>> defense under section 230.
>>
>> Posted by Eric at June 30, 2010 08:38 AM | Derivative
>> Liability
>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> nexa mailing list
>> nexa(a)server-nexa.polito.it
>> https://server-nexa.polito.it/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/nexa
>>
>
>
July 12, 2010
Re: [nexa] Must-Read Empirical Study of 47 USC 230 Jurisprudence byDavid Ardia
by ugo.pagallo@unito.it
Caro Andrea,
grazie (come sempre) per la segnalazione dello studio: al
di là delle sue statistiche (il diavolo è nei dettagli),
mi sembra sin d'ora confermata l'analisi fatta sul 230
DMCA.
Questo mi consente di riprendere i (tre, in sostanza)
punti da te avanzati nell'email di ieri.
Sul primo ha risposto a sua volta Alessandro Mantelero,
distinguendo tra "trattamento dei dati" e "percezione
dell'illecito". Non vedo perché, come dici, "appare
difficile sostenere che un 'data processor' non abbia una
conoscenza attiva dei medesimi [dati]". Tutto sta a
intendere cosa vuol dire "attivo" in un mondo in cui, come
ricorda la sentenza Google/YouTube v Viacom dalla quale
eravamo partiti, vengono caricati su YouTube 24 ore di
video al minuto! Larry Lessig ha ricordato tre/quattro
mesi fa su La Stampa come, almeno allo stato, non abbiamo
certo la tecnologia per prevenire, diciamo, un reato di
diffamazione... (da dove era viceversa partito il caso
Google/Vividown).
Secondo punto: affermi che il "data processor ha comunque
certe responsabilità". E ci mancherebbe! Solo che NON sono
quelle del dato controller! Per dirne una, non si tratta
mai di sanzioni penali (come nel caso Google Vividown).
Gira e rigira, il punto è sempre questo: ai fini della
normativa sulla privacy (data protection), l'ISP
'processors' (nell'italiano della legge, sic!, risponde
dei) dati immessi autonomamente dall'utente (e.g., user
generated content), il quale ultimo dunque ne è l'unico
titolare del trattamento, ovvero, come data controller. Ai
fini della normativa sull'e-commerce, l'ISP non ha nessun
obbligo di vigilanza. Ergo, quello che propongo è de iure
condito, non condendo. L'ISP è 'data controller' (titolare
del trattamento) con annesse responsabilità (anche
penali):
a) Nei rapporti contrattuali con i propri utenti;
b) Quando viene attivato dall'autorità competente o ai
sensi di legge;
c) Quando tratta a fini propri e ulteriori le informazioni
immesse dagli utenti, anche riguardo terzi.
Infine, sul concetto di "informational self-determination"
se ne è occupata, sempre lei!, di recente: Corte
costituzionale tedesca, sentenza del 2 marzo 2010, 1 BvR
256/08. Siccome, come spesso capita col BVG, è una
sentenza molto corposa, ne parliamo, se mai, con altra
posta.
Ciao a tutti,
Ugo
>
> ------------------ Messaggio originale -------------------
> Oggetto: [nexa] Must-Read Empirical Study of 47 USC 230
> Jurisprudence byDavid Ardia
> Da: "Andrea Glorioso" <andrea(a)digitalpolicy.it>
> Data: Lun, 12 Luglio 2010, 10:13 am
> A: nexa(a)server-nexa.polito.it
> ----------------------------------------------------------
>
> Sempre su intermediari e responsabilità, a proposito dei
> "modello
> americano":
>
> http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/06/ardias_empirica.htm
>
> Technology & Marketing Law Blog
>
> « Payment Service Providers May Be Liable for Counterfeit
> Website
> Sales--Gucci v. Frontline | Main | Recent Anti-SLAPP
> Developments »
> June 30, 2010
> Must-Read Empirical Study of 47 USC 230 Jurisprudence by
> David Ardia
>
> By Eric Goldman
>
> David S. Ardia, Free Speech Savior or Shield for
> Scoundrels: An
> Empirical Study of Intermediary Immunity Under Section 230
> of the
> Communications Decency Act, 43 Loyola of Los Angeles Law
> Review 373 (2010)
>
> Let me start with the punchline: if you are interested in
> 47 USC 230
> jurisprudence (and let's face it, who isn't???), then you
> need to read
> this article. In fact, clear your calendar for this
> afternoon. Although
> I am not completely sold on its conclusions, any cogent
> discussion about
> 47 USC 230 jurisprudential trendlines must acknowledge
> this article.
>
> David Ardia directs the Citizen Media Law Project, a
> frequent outlink on
> this blog. He undertook the heroic (and some might say
> ill-advised) task
> of finding and coding 47 USC 230 cases--a total of 184
> decisions--and
> then generating some statistical conclusions from the
> dataset. This is
> not a project I would have undertaken because empirical
> research is such
> a quagmire, but we as a community of 47 USC 230 scholars
> and
> practitioners get the benefit of David's efforts.
>
> (I should note that David sent me a draft of this article
> last Fall,
> which sat unread in my inbox for 3 months. I then sent
> David an
> extremely lengthy and detailed set of comments about a
> week before his
> final edits were due to the law review. Some of my
> critiques are not
> news to David, but he may not have had a chance to fully
> address them
> based on my delayed feedback.)
>
> (I further note that I have not doublechecked Davids
> dataset or coding.
> For this post, I assume he did it correctly.)
>
> If you have limited time (the PDF is 134 pages), start on
> page 41 of the
> PDF, which is where the empirical discussions heat up.
> There is a lot to
> discuss and explore, but I will highlight two significant
> statistical
> conclusions.
>
> First, the paper calculates that 230 defendants win the
> defense "only"
> about 2/3 of the time, leading him to conclude that the
> statute "has not
> been the free pass many of its proponents claim and its
> critics lament."
> This is an interesting conclusion, but it leaves me
> wondering how this
> compares with the hypothetical calculation of cases where
> the 230
> defense should have failed vs. the situations where it
> should have
> succeeded. Still, I am one of the people who thinks 230 is
> a free pass
> for defendants, so the successful batting average was
> lower than I expected.
>
> Second, the paper makes the following assertion on page
> 108:
>
> "many of the intermediaries that invoked section 230
> likely would not
> have faced eventual liability under the common law because
> they lacked
> knowledge of and editorial control over the third-party
> content at issue
> in the cases. Given this prediction, one might question
> whether section
> 230 is necessary."
>
> Whoa! This is an important and implicitly troubling
> statement. The paper
> is positing an alternative scenario where 230 doesn't
> exist and arguing
> that we might not notice a difference. Of course, we know
> that other
> countries are having very different experiences with UGC
> due to the
> 230's absence. At the same time, US common law still
> differs from other
> countries' laws, so perhaps the US common law's trajectory
> would have
> reached a similar place. Having said that, for reasons the
> paper does
> explore, we are better off for having the statutory
> immunity than
> relying on common law developments. Furthermore, 230s
> real brilliance
> is that it immunizes service providers *because they
> exercise* editorial
> control, which leads to better outcomes.
>
> I'll briefly mention two other stats that puzzled me.
>
> On page 59, the paper says: "in more than half of the
> section 230
> decisions (58.8%), the speech at issue was not published
> anonymously."
> Later, on page 115, the paper advances the inverse stat:
> "41.2% of the
> decisions studied involved anonymous content." In theory,
> this means 40%
> of cases involve primary tortfeasors who can't be found,
> but I'm
> skeptical about this because successful online anonymity
> is really hard.
> After all, the AutoAdmit authors thought they were
> anonymous until they
> were de-anonymized. For more, see Paul Ohm's paper on
> reidentification.
>
> On page 117, the paper says "in more than half of the
> cases (55%), the
> content plaintiffs sued over was no longer available as of
> mid-2009,"
> which suggests plaintiffs can get content takedowns
> despite 230 because
> the service provider voluntarily helps or the author takes
> the content
> down him/herself (or, in some cases, the court ordered the
> takedown).
> This brought to mind the Ripoff Report's refusal to remove
> content at
> the author's request, a relatively unique posture for UGC
> hosts. See
> Blockowicz v. Williams.
>
> The paper gives me another reason to remind you that SCU
> will be hosting
> a 47 USC 230 celebration on March 4, 2011, where I hope we
> will discuss
> cutting-edge research on 230 like this paper. More details
> to come, but
> mark your calendar now. If you are working on 230-related
> research that
> you think might be appropriate to present at this
> conference, please
> contact me.
>
> UPDATE: David's CMLP blog post on his article.
> ____________
>
> The abstract:
>
> In the thirteen years since its enactment, section 230 of
> the
> Communications Decency Act has become one of the most
> important statutes
> impacting online speech, as well as one of the most
> intensely
> criticized. In deceptively simple language, its provisions
> sweep away
> the common laws distinction between publisher and
> distributor
> liability, granting operators of Web sites and other
> interactive
> computer services broad protection from claims based on
> the speech of
> third parties. Section 230 is of critical importance
> because virtually
> all speech that occurs on the Internet is facilitated by
> private
> intermediaries that have a fragile commitment to the
> speech they facilitate.
>
> This Article presents the first empirical study of the
> section 230 case
> law. It begins by providing a doctrinal overview of common
> law liability
> for intermediaries, both online and offline, and describes
> how section
> 230 modifies these doctrinal approaches. It then
> systematically analyzes
> the 184 decisions courts have issued since the statutes
> enactment. The
> Article also examines how courts have applied section 230,
> finding that
> judges have been haphazard in their approach to its
> application.
>
> The Article closes by discussing the studys findings and
> by offering
> some insights into how plaintiffs and defendants have
> fared under
> section 230. While section 230 has largely protected
> intermediaries from
> liability for third-party speech, it has not been the free
> pass many of
> its proponents claim and its critics lament. More than a
> third of the
> claims at issue in the cases survived a section 230
> defense. Even in
> cases where the court dismissed the claims, intermediaries
> bore
> liability in the form of litigation costs, and it took
> courts, on
> average, nearly a year to issue decisions addressing an
> intermediarys
> defense under section 230.
>
> Posted by Eric at June 30, 2010 08:38 AM | Derivative
> Liability
>
> _______________________________________________
> nexa mailing list
> nexa(a)server-nexa.polito.it
> https://server-nexa.polito.it/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/nexa
>
July 12, 2010
Must-Read Empirical Study of 47 USC 230 Jurisprudence by David Ardia
by Andrea Glorioso
Sempre su intermediari e responsabilità, a proposito dei "modello
americano":
http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/06/ardias_empirica.htm
Technology & Marketing Law Blog
« Payment Service Providers May Be Liable for Counterfeit Website
Sales--Gucci v. Frontline | Main | Recent Anti-SLAPP Developments »
June 30, 2010
Must-Read Empirical Study of 47 USC 230 Jurisprudence by David Ardia
By Eric Goldman
David S. Ardia, Free Speech Savior or Shield for Scoundrels: An
Empirical Study of Intermediary Immunity Under Section 230 of the
Communications Decency Act, 43 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 373 (2010)
Let me start with the punchline: if you are interested in 47 USC 230
jurisprudence (and let's face it, who isn't???), then you need to read
this article. In fact, clear your calendar for this afternoon. Although
I am not completely sold on its conclusions, any cogent discussion about
47 USC 230 jurisprudential trendlines must acknowledge this article.
David Ardia directs the Citizen Media Law Project, a frequent outlink on
this blog. He undertook the heroic (and some might say ill-advised) task
of finding and coding 47 USC 230 cases--a total of 184 decisions--and
then generating some statistical conclusions from the dataset. This is
not a project I would have undertaken because empirical research is such
a quagmire, but we as a community of 47 USC 230 scholars and
practitioners get the benefit of David's efforts.
(I should note that David sent me a draft of this article last Fall,
which sat unread in my inbox for 3 months. I then sent David an
extremely lengthy and detailed set of comments about a week before his
final edits were due to the law review. Some of my critiques are not
news to David, but he may not have had a chance to fully address them
based on my delayed feedback.)
(I further note that I have not doublechecked David’s dataset or coding.
For this post, I assume he did it “correctly.”)
If you have limited time (the PDF is 134 pages), start on page 41 of the
PDF, which is where the empirical discussions heat up. There is a lot to
discuss and explore, but I will highlight two significant statistical
conclusions.
First, the paper calculates that 230 defendants win the defense "only"
about 2/3 of the time, leading him to conclude that the statute "has not
been the free pass many of its proponents claim and its critics lament."
This is an interesting conclusion, but it leaves me wondering how this
compares with the hypothetical calculation of cases where the 230
defense should have failed vs. the situations where it should have
succeeded. Still, I am one of the people who thinks 230 is a free pass
for defendants, so the successful batting average was lower than I expected.
Second, the paper makes the following assertion on page 108:
"many of the intermediaries that invoked section 230 likely would not
have faced eventual liability under the common law because they lacked
knowledge of and editorial control over the third-party content at issue
in the cases. Given this prediction, one might question whether section
230 is necessary."
Whoa! This is an important and implicitly troubling statement. The paper
is positing an alternative scenario where 230 doesn't exist and arguing
that we might not notice a difference. Of course, we know that other
countries are having very different experiences with UGC due to the
230's absence. At the same time, US common law still differs from other
countries' laws, so perhaps the US common law's trajectory would have
reached a similar place. Having said that, for reasons the paper does
explore, we are better off for having the statutory immunity than
relying on common law developments. Furthermore, 230’s real brilliance
is that it immunizes service providers *because they exercise* editorial
control, which leads to better outcomes.
I'll briefly mention two other stats that puzzled me.
On page 59, the paper says: "in more than half of the section 230
decisions (58.8%), the speech at issue was not published anonymously."
Later, on page 115, the paper advances the inverse stat: "41.2% of the
decisions studied involved anonymous content." In theory, this means 40%
of cases involve primary tortfeasors who can't be found, but I'm
skeptical about this because successful online anonymity is really hard.
After all, the AutoAdmit authors thought they were anonymous until they
were de-anonymized. For more, see Paul Ohm's paper on reidentification.
On page 117, the paper says "in more than half of the cases (55%), the
content plaintiffs sued over was no longer available as of mid-2009,"
which suggests plaintiffs can get content takedowns despite 230 because
the service provider voluntarily helps or the author takes the content
down him/herself (or, in some cases, the court ordered the takedown).
This brought to mind the Ripoff Report's refusal to remove content at
the author's request, a relatively unique posture for UGC hosts. See
Blockowicz v. Williams.
The paper gives me another reason to remind you that SCU will be hosting
a 47 USC 230 celebration on March 4, 2011, where I hope we will discuss
cutting-edge research on 230 like this paper. More details to come, but
mark your calendar now. If you are working on 230-related research that
you think might be appropriate to present at this conference, please
contact me.
UPDATE: David's CMLP blog post on his article.
____________
The abstract:
In the thirteen years since its enactment, section 230 of the
Communications Decency Act has become one of the most important statutes
impacting online speech, as well as one of the most intensely
criticized. In deceptively simple language, its provisions sweep away
the common law’s distinction between publisher and distributor
liability, granting operators of Web sites and other interactive
computer services broad protection from claims based on the speech of
third parties. Section 230 is of critical importance because virtually
all speech that occurs on the Internet is facilitated by private
intermediaries that have a fragile commitment to the speech they facilitate.
This Article presents the first empirical study of the section 230 case
law. It begins by providing a doctrinal overview of common law liability
for intermediaries, both online and offline, and describes how section
230 modifies these doctrinal approaches. It then systematically analyzes
the 184 decisions courts have issued since the statute’s enactment. The
Article also examines how courts have applied section 230, finding that
judges have been haphazard in their approach to its application.
The Article closes by discussing the study’s findings and by offering
some insights into how plaintiffs and defendants have fared under
section 230. While section 230 has largely protected intermediaries from
liability for third-party speech, it has not been the free pass many of
its proponents claim and its critics lament. More than a third of the
claims at issue in the cases survived a section 230 defense. Even in
cases where the court dismissed the claims, intermediaries bore
liability in the form of litigation costs, and it took courts, on
average, nearly a year to issue decisions addressing an intermediary’s
defense under section 230.
Posted by Eric at June 30, 2010 08:38 AM | Derivative Liability
July 12, 2010
Re: [nexa] YouTube wins case against Viacom
by MANTELERO ALESSANDRO
On Sun, 11 Jul 2010 17:18:09 +0200
Andrea Glorioso <andrea(a)digitalpolicy.it> wrote:
> Caro Ugo,
>
> con un po' di ritardo, torno anche alla nostra (non solo
>mia e tua,
> ovviamente) discussione.
>
> Tuttavia, nel momento in cui un soggetto tratta dati
>personali - che sia
> sotto forma di "data processor" o "data controller" -
>appare difficile
> sostenere che tale soggetto non abbia una conoscenza
>attiva dei
> medesimi. E dunque appare difficile reclamare una
>protezione ex
> Direttiva E-Commerce e/o un sistema all'americana (con
>il quale immagino
> tu ti riferisca al "safe harbour" alla DMCA e al sistema
>dei "notice and
> takedown" relativo).
la “actual knowledge” cui fa riferimento l'art. 14 dir.
2000/31/CE riguarda l'illecito e non i dati; le
fattispecie concrete possono essere assai differenti e non
necessariamente il trattamento dei dati (che poi potrebbe
essere declinato in varie forme a seconda dei soggetti
coinvolti nel trattamento e del servizio) comporta anche
la percezione dell'illecito.
Per altro, in relazione all'attività degli intermediari, i
problemi di trattamento dati e di violazione del diritto
d'autore non paiono necessariamente sovrapponibili:
rispetto al primo si pongono infatti tutta una serie di
questioni inerenti la legittimità del trattamento che
riguardano l'attività degli intermediari, autonome e
distinte da quelle sulla responsabilità limitata per i
contenuti di cui alla citata direttiva (che non a caso fa
salvo l'ambito di cui alla dir. 95/46/CE).
Alessandro Mantelero, PhD
Confirmed Assistant Professor
Production Systems and Business Economics Department
Politecnico di Torino
Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24
10129 Torino - Italy
http://staff.polito.it/alessandro.mantelero
July 11, 2010
Re: [nexa] YouTube wins case against Viacom
by Andrea Glorioso
Caro Ugo,
con un po' di ritardo, torno anche alla nostra (non solo mia e tua,
ovviamente) discussione.
n 7/1/2010 6:43 PM, ugo.pagallo(a)unito.it wrote:
> Caro Andrea,
>
> sapevo (o speravo!) che avresti raccolto la provocazione
> finale del mio commento a Louis Stanton.
> Per (cercare di) farla breve, la mia tesa, secca, è che
> anche in Europa dovrebbe (Sollen) vigere un sistema del
> tipo ‘modello americano’ per la responsabilità dei
> provider, sia che si tratti di privacy che di copyright
> infringements.
[...]
> Ed è, a questo punto, che comincia il dibattito ‘vero’
> (anche se non apofantico): Quali, a vostro avviso, i
> principi che entrano in gioco, e rispetto ai quali
> entrambe le direttive di cui veniamo parlando, vanno
> ‘costituzionalmente’ interpretate in Europa?
> Ciao,
Mi pare di capire che ci stiamo muovendo da cio che è - con le dovute
differenze interpretative, ovviamente - a ciò che potrebbe o dovrebbe
essere.
Sono senz'altro d'accordo con te che una gran parte dei cosiddetti
"intermediari di Internet" o Internet Service Provider che dir si voglia
- le differenze terminologiche e soprattutto funzionali sono però
importanti e forse varrebbe la pena discuterne - si "limitano" a
"processare" dati per conto e su istruzioni di un'altra parte.
Tuttavia, nel momento in cui un soggetto tratta dati personali - che sia
sotto forma di "data processor" o "data controller" - appare difficile
sostenere che tale soggetto non abbia una conoscenza attiva dei
medesimi. E dunque appare difficile reclamare una protezione ex
Direttiva E-Commerce e/o un sistema all'americana (con il quale immagino
tu ti riferisca al "safe harbour" alla DMCA e al sistema dei "notice and
takedown" relativo).
Inoltre, un "data processor" - e ancor più un "data controller", e lo
dico perché non sono sempre convintissimo che in tutti i casi gli ISP
siano dei semplici "processor" - ha comunque certe responsabilità (per
esempio per quanto attiene alla confidenzialità e alla sicurezza del
trattamento).
Mi pare difficile poter combinare i due sistemi - le responsabilità di
chi tratta dati personali, sia esso un "processor" o un "controller" e
il sistema "all'americana" a cui ti riferisci - ma questo non significa
certo che non sia possibile o che non valga la pena rifletterci.
Per quanto riguarda la questione che poni in chiusura, da un po' di
tempo rifletto su quanto e come il concetto di "informational
self-determination" (ex sentenza Corte Costituzionale tedesca del 1985,
se non vado errato) vada rielaborato e adattato ai tempi moderni, come
espressione dei valori di centralità, dignità e auto-determinazione
della persona propri delle democrazie liberali e, sperabilmente, del
progetto europeo.
Ciao,
Andrea
O
July 11, 2010
US could learn from Brazilian penalty for hindering fair use
by Philippe Aigrain
By Nate Anderson | Last updated about 15 hours ago
Brazil has proposed a broad update to its copyright law (Portuguese) and
it contains a surprising idea: penalize anyone who "hinders or impedes"
fair use rights or obstructs the use of work that has already fallen
into the public domain.
A huge win for consumers? Sure, but it gets better. A moment's thought
reminds us that most DRM schemes will eventually run afoul the above
provisions, since they apply in perpetuity. That DRMed music file will
still be DRMed even after the song has fallen into the public domain.
So Brazil wants to ensure that DRM "has time-limited effects that
correspond to the period of the economic rights over the work,
performance, phonogram or broadcast." Once copyright has expired, DRM
should, too.
As if that's not enough, Brazil says that DRM can be bypassed in order
to make any "fair" use of the work or in cases where the copyright has
expired but the DRM has not.
Contrast this with the US approach to copyright in the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which said nothing about time-limited
DRM and made circumvention illegal in nearly all cases, even when the
intended use of the material would be legal.
Brazil's proposal could be spun as something hostile to rightsholders,
but it's not that simple. The law does provide protection for DRM; in
general, it is illegal to remove, modify, bypass, or impair such
anti-copying technology. It's just that rightsholders can't use DRM as a
digital lock to give themselves more control over a work through
technology than they have under the law.
Treaties
While some content industry lobbyists like to make arguments about
"living up to international norms" on DRM to suggest that countries need
to take a hard line on anticircumvention, the "international norms"
allow plenty of leeway. The WIPO Internet Treaties, one of the key parts
of this international consensus, require signatories to "provide
adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the
circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by
authors in connection with the exercise of their rights under this
Treaty or the Berne Convention and that restrict acts, in respect of
their works, which are not authorized by the authors concerned or
permitted by law."
DRM must be defended only when it restricts acts that are "not permitted
by law." Since the law in places like Brazil, the US, and many other
countries contains fair use or fair dealing provisions, those countries
are authorized to allow DRM circumvention for those uses as long as
general bypassing is disallowed.
Given the nature of most fair use laws, plenty of murky cases will have
to be examined by the courts. That's a slow, messy solution, but one
that allows for flexibility and creativity; the "clean" alternative of
simply outlawing DRM circumvention almost completely leads to the absurd
situation where A US citizen can legally rip a CD to an iPod but breaks
the law when doing the same with a DVD.
Michael Geist, a Canadian law professor who highlighted the new
proposal, sums it up as a properly balanced approach that doesn't buy
into the "more is better" approach to copyright protections. "In other
words, the Brazilian proposals recognizes what the Supreme Court of
Canada stated several years ago," he writes, "over-protection is just as
harmful as under-protection."
July 10, 2010
Re: [nexa] Brutta storia
by Paolo Brini
Il 09/07/2010 07:22, Andrea Glorioso ha scritto:
> Bisognerebbe guardare il contratto tra Verisign e lo Stato di Tuvalu.
> Sinceramente non mi stupirebbe se fosse come dici tu. :)
Non l'ho trovato, però ho trovato degli articoli che dicono che Verisign
opera come TLD in piena autonomia da Tuvalu, in cambio di un milione di
dollari all'anno allo stato per un accordo che scade nel 2016. Tuvalu ha
chiesto di rinegoziare l'accordo prima della scadenza perché secondo il
ministero delle finanze il compenso "sono noccioline" (in effetti
Verisign vende i .tv significativi anche a 20, 50 e 100 mila dollari
l'uno). Questo spiegherebbe la leggerezza con cui i .tv vengono
riassegnati ad autorità americane.
>
> A parte il fatto che non sappiamo se ICANN, il registry o il registrar
> hanno interpellato l'organizzazione in questione in passato, magari non
> ricevendo nessuna risposta;
Mi sembra impossibile. A parte che, se una delle suddette organizzazioni
fosse andata per caso a verificare proprio quei 7 domini accusati di
pirateria dagli organi federali e proprio prima della richiesta
federale, sarebbe una coincidenza con un probabilità quasi-nulla, del
tipo 1 su 1 miliardo, c'è da notare che tvshack.cc (che ha gli stessi
identici dati del dominio .net trasferito) non è stato toccato. Pur
essendo .cc relativo alle Isole Cocos, il dominio è gestito, a quanto
posso vedere in totale autonomia, da Verisign. Proprio come il .tv
espropriato...
Quindi, "'ca nisciuno è fesso", non c'è stata nessuna verifica di
consistenza dei dati del whois, hanno semplicemente trasferito i domini
indicati dalle autorità federali inventandosi il primo cavillo a cui
potevano aggrapparsi, sapendo che è improbabile che soggetti, magari
pure non americani, che gestiscono siti senza scopo di lucro e spesso
sono hobbisti, vengano a far causa in territorio americano. Le autorità
si sono evidentemente dimenticate / non si sono accorte di tvshack.cc e
questo dettaglio sbugiarda loro e ICANN.
> e a parte il fatto che sinceramente dubito
> che chi registra nomi a dominio come quelli di cui stiamo discutendo,
> se mette dati errati, lo faccia in buona fede;
Secondo me le autorità americane hanno bisogno di questo giochetto e
della complicità di ICANN perché conoscono bene le difficoltà e le
conseguenze di dimostrare per quei domini (che ospitavano siti pieni di
link) una qualsiasi violazione di copyright: dovrebbero dimostrare il
"reato di link" e questo avrebbe conseguenze devastanti per grossissime
società americane, a cominciare dai motori di ricerca di Google e
Microsoft. Non che non ci siano pressioni per modificare le leggi
americane in questa direzione, intendiamoci. E d'altra parte se tutto
fosse limpido e lineare e trasferire un dominio alle autorità americane
fosse per ICANN come bere un bicchier d'acqua, non si capisce allora
perché siti accusati di istigazione al terrorismo o di riportare
immagini di abusi sessuali sui bambini non abbiano visto i propri domini
trasferiti per diretta iniziativa di ICANN. O meglio, si capisce solo
considerando che la protezione del copyright ha la precedenza su tutto
il resto.
Comunque, il whois di The Pirate Bay è in ordine (come pure quello di
MegaUpload), ciò nonostante secondo la fonte il dominio è nel mirino di
ICANN, ma nessuno di TPB è stato finora contattato.
> Credo che nel Registry Accreditation Agreement di cui ho discusso
> nella precedente email ci siano anche delle indicazioni sull'obbligo
> di attendere una risposta da parte del "Domain Name Holder" per un
> periodo di quindici giorni (vado a memoria) prima di procedere.
Grazie.
Ciao,
Paolo
July 9, 2010
Libro: "Privilege and Property. Essays on the History of Copyright"
by J.C. DE MARTIN
Privilege and Property. Essays on the History of Copyright.
Ronan Deazley, Martin Kretschmer and Lionel Bently (Editors)
http://www.openbookpublishers.com/
Author: Ronan Deazley, Martin Kretschmer and Lionel Bently (Editors)
Format: paperback
ISBN: 978-1-906924-18-8
Other Editions Available:
hardback - £24.95
digital(pdf) - £4.95
What can and can’t be copied is a matter of law, but also of aesthetics, culture, and economics. The act of copying, and the creation and transaction of rights relating to it, evokes fundamental notions of communication and censorship, of authorship and ownership – of privilege and property.
This volume conceives a new history of copyright law that has its roots in a wide range of norms and practices. The essays reach back to the very material world of craftsmanship and mechanical inventions of Renaissance Italy where, in 1469, the German master printer Johannes of Speyer obtained a five-year exclusive privilege to print in Venice and its dominions. Along the intellectual journey that follows, we encounter John Milton who, in his 1644 Areopagitica speech ‘For the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing’, accuses the English parliament of having been deceived by the ‘fraud of some old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of bookselling’ (i.e. the London Stationers’ Company). Later revisionary essays investigate the regulation of the printing press in the North American colonies as a provincial and somewhat crude version of European precedents, and how, in the revolutionary France of 1789, the subtle balance that the royal decrees had established between the interests of the author, the bookseller, and the public, was shattered by the abolition of the privilege system. Contributions also address the specific evolution of rights associated with the visual and performing arts.
The volume is a companion to the digital archive Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC): www.copyrighthistory.org
Table of Contents.
Introduction. The History of Copyright History: Notes from an Emerging Discipline, Martin Kretschmer, with Lionel Bently and Ronan Deazley.
1. From Gunpowder to Print: The Common Origins of Copyright and Patent, Joanna Kostylo.
2. ‘A Mongrel of Early Modern Copyright’: Scotland in European Perspective, Alastair J. Mann.
3. The Public Sphere and the Emergence of Copyright: Areopagitica, the Stationers’ Company, and the Statute of Anne, Mark Rose.
4. Early American Printing Privileges. The Ambivalent Origins of Authors’ Copyright in America, Oren Bracha.
5. Author and Work in the French Print Privileges System: Some Milestones, Laurent Pfister.
6. A Venetian Experiment on Perpetual Copyright, Maurizio Borghi.
7. Copyright Formalities and the Reasons for their Decline in Nineteenth Century Europe, Stef van Gompel.
8. The Berlin Publisher Friedrich Nicolai and the Reprinting Sections of the Prussian Statute Book of 1794, Friedemann Kawohl.
9. Nineteenth Century Controversies Relating to the Protection of Artistic Property in France, Frédéric Rideau.
10. Maps, Views and Ornament: Visualising Property in Art and Law. The Case of Pre-modern France, Katie Scott.
11. Breaking the Mould? The Radical Nature of the Fine Arts Copyright Bill 1862, Ronan Deazley.
12. ‘Neither Bolt nor Chain, Iron Safe nor Private Watchman, Can Prevent the Theft of Words’: The Birth of the Performing Right in Britain, Isabella Alexander.
13. The Return of the Commons – Copyright History as a Common Source, Karl-Nikolaus Peifer.
14. The Significance of Copyright History for Publishing History and Historians, John Feather.
15. Metaphors of Intellectual Property, William St Clair.
Bibliography.
Index.
No. of pages: 450
No. of Illustrations: 11
Ronan Deazley is Professor of Law at the University of Glasgow. He is the author of On the Origin of the Right to Copy: Charting the Movement of Copyright Law in Eighteenth Century Britain (1695-1775) (2004) and Rethinking Copyright: History, Theory, Language (2006, 2008).
Martin Kretschmer is Professor of Information Jurisprudence and Director of the Centre for Intellectual Property Policy& Management (CIPPM) at Bournemouth University, UK. His research includes a long-term project on artists’ labour markets and earnings funded by the Arts Council and Collecting Societies ALCS and DACS, as well as numerous interdisciplinary studies addressing specific policy issues (funders include European Commission, Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), and the UK Strategic Advisory Board for IP Policy).
Lionel Bently is the Herchel Smith Professor of Intellectual Property Law at the University of Cambridge, and Director of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, Cambridge. His published works include: The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law (with Brad Sherman) (1999) and Intellectual Property Law, 3rd ed (2008).
Lionel Bently and Martin Kretschmer are joint project directors of the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) funded digital archive: Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900)<http://www.copyrighthistory.org>.
Creative Commons License
Privilege and Property. Essays on the History of Copyright edited by Ronan Deazley, Martin Kretschmer and Lionel Bently is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England& Wales License.
July 9, 2010
Re: [nexa] Brutta storia
by Andrea Glorioso
On 7/9/2010 2:40 AM, Paolo Brini wrote:
> Il 08/07/2010 15:26, Andrea Glorioso ha scritto:
>> Non capisco bene cosa c'entrino i root server: la modifica ha
>> riguardato dei nomi a dominio di secondo livello, quindi il problema
>> e` delle organizzazioni che fungono da "registry" per i top-level
>> domain a cui afferiscono i domini di secondo livello in questione
>> (.com in primis).
>
> Rieccomi, non avevo tempo oggi per rispondere su questo punto. Forse sto
> equivocando io, perché io partivo dall'assunto che uno dei domini
> "espropriati" fosse proprio un country top-level (.tv). Da questo punto
> di vista, in linea di principio, è come se avessero preso un dominio .it
> o .de e lo avessero riassegnato ad un'autorità federale americana, fermo
> restando che la rappresaglia da Tuvalu può essere senz'altro di minor
> forza che dall'Italia o dalla Germania.
Potrei sbagliarmi, ma da quel che ho capito e` stato rimosso il dominio
movies-links.tv, quindi un dominio di secondo livello afferente al
"top-level domain" .tv.
> Però non tenevo conto che del .tv se ne occupa VeriSign, che sta negli
> Stati Uniti: è possibile che allora che i .tv siano sotto la competenza
> esclusiva americana e quindi ICANN possa disporne come meglio crede
> senza interpellare Tuvalu?
Bisognerebbe guardare il contratto tra Verisign e lo Stato di Tuvalu.
Sinceramente non mi stupirebbe se fosse come dici tu. :)
> Altro punto correlato: ma se ci sono problemi di dati non consistenti
> nel whois, errori o qualsiasi altra cosa, non sarebbe prassi, almeno di
> buon senso, PRIMA interpellare l'organizzazione (che potrebbe aver
> commesso qualche errore anche in buona fede) per vedere se è possibile
> correggere, invece di partire a razzo e ordinare il trasferimento del
> dominio ad un'autorità americana, o comunque consentire alla parte a cui
> si sottrae il dominio il diritto ad essere ascoltata?
A parte il fatto che non sappiamo se ICANN, il registry o il registrar
hanno interpellato l'organizzazione in questione in passato, magari non
ricevendo nessuna risposta; e a parte il fatto che sinceramente dubito
che chi registra nomi a dominio come quelli di cui stiamo discutendo,
se mette dati errati, lo faccia in buona fede; per rispondere alla
tua domanda bisogna trovare il testo delle regole di ICANN, del registry
o del registrar su cui ci si e` basati per la rimozione/trasferimento
dei nomi a dominio.
Credo che nel Registry Accreditation Agreement di cui ho discusso
nella precedente email ci siano anche delle indicazioni sull'obbligo
di attendere una risposta da parte del "Domain Name Holder" per un
periodo di quindici giorni (vado a memoria) prima di procedere.
Ciao,
Andrea
July 9, 2010
Re: [nexa] Brutta storia
by Paolo Brini
Il 08/07/2010 15:26, Andrea Glorioso ha scritto:
> Non capisco bene cosa c'entrino i root server: la modifica ha
> riguardato dei nomi a dominio di secondo livello, quindi il problema
> e` delle organizzazioni che fungono da "registry" per i top-level
> domain a cui afferiscono i domini di secondo livello in questione
> (.com in primis).
Rieccomi, non avevo tempo oggi per rispondere su questo punto. Forse sto
equivocando io, perché io partivo dall'assunto che uno dei domini
"espropriati" fosse proprio un country top-level (.tv). Da questo punto
di vista, in linea di principio, è come se avessero preso un dominio .it
o .de e lo avessero riassegnato ad un'autorità federale americana, fermo
restando che la rappresaglia da Tuvalu può essere senz'altro di minor
forza che dall'Italia o dalla Germania.
Però non tenevo conto che del .tv se ne occupa VeriSign, che sta negli
Stati Uniti: è possibile che allora che i .tv siano sotto la competenza
esclusiva americana e quindi ICANN possa disporne come meglio crede
senza interpellare Tuvalu?
Altro punto correlato: ma se ci sono problemi di dati non consistenti
nel whois, errori o qualsiasi altra cosa, non sarebbe prassi, almeno di
buon senso, PRIMA interpellare l'organizzazione (che potrebbe aver
commesso qualche errore anche in buona fede) per vedere se è possibile
correggere, invece di partire a razzo e ordinare il trasferimento del
dominio ad un'autorità americana, o comunque consentire alla parte a cui
si sottrae il dominio il diritto ad essere ascoltata?
Ciao,
Paolo
July 9, 2010