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Corte Europea dei Diritti Umani e... crittografia end-to-end
by Damiano Verzulli Feb. 23, 2024

Feb. 23, 2024

Non mi pare sia passato in lista... (è di 10 giorni fa...) => "Backdoors that let cops decrypt messages violate human rights, EU court says" https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/02/human-rights-court-takes-stand-… Saluti, DV -- Damiano Verzulli e-mail: damiano(a)verzulli.it --- possible?ok:while(!possible){open_mindedness++} --- "...I realized that free software would not generate the kind of income that was needed. Maybe in USA or Europe, you may be able to get a well paying job as a free software developer, but not here [in Africa]..." -- Guido Sohne - 1973-2008 http://ole.kenic.or.ke/pipermail/skunkworks/2008-April/005989.html

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Pseudo-Science entering education
by Enrico Nardelli Feb. 23, 2024

Feb. 23, 2024

(from the Algorithm Watch newsletter here https://r.algorithmwatch.org/nl3/dAy5-iYV4Kk4Edf6OpbOmg ) *All in for innovation.* Last July, I wrote a story about 200 undergraduates who failed their exams after a proctoring system had flagged their performance during their tests <https://algorithmwatch.org/en/spain-students-failed-blame-automated-proctor…>. I was in talks with a communication officer of the university in question. When he figured out that my reporting would not benefit the institution’s prestige, he tried to divert me from writing what happened and convince me of a supposedly much more uncontroversial subject: applying Artificial Intelligence to measure students' performances in the future. He did not say “emotion recognition” but described a software that could track students’ academic trajectories and scan their movements to assess, for instance, if their motivation might be dwindling. The university had been working on a similar project with IBM in 2018 <https://www.unir.net/actualidad/investigacion/inteligencia-artificial-para-…>, but at the time, it didn’t involve real-time image analysis. The software is yet to be deployed. With all the marketing effort to hype the technology, one can guess that the project might have been dropped (or delayed) because the implementation proved to be more difficult. *Tech vs. psychology.* It’s not the first time (nor will it be the last) that education institutions toy with face and emotion recognition systems. Some secondary schools in France were forced to ban face recognition <https://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/article/la-justice-interdit-la-reconnaissance-…> on the premises. Teachers in Denmark use apps to measure the “mood landscape” <https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/04/17/1071137/denmark-teachers-apps-s…> of elementary students. The apps have costed the government millions of crowns. In Spain, almost every autonomous region has incorporated these tools in their Artificial Intelligence strategies. They plan to improve the academic careers of students, either by scanning grade histories or measuring their behavior in real time. None of them have actually moved forward with it <https://www.businessinsider.es/estrategias-ia-espana-no-estan-sirviendo-nad…>, but it’s /cool/ and avant-garde to say they will. They are not completely to blame for trying, taking into account that even the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is pushing AI to “assess knowledge” and “gauge emotion” <https://archive.ph/I9Nb9>. *Outdated ideas.* The people heralding these tools as the future of education seem to care little about researchers criticizing the pseudo-scientific approach of emotion recognition technology <https://www.article19.org/emotion-recognition-technology-report/>. The use of AI to predict people’s behavior or interpret their emotional state is fundamentally based in the assumption that the expression of emotions is universal and limited to six basic states <https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ps.30.020179.002523>. This is scientifically untenable and has been harshly refuted <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1529100619832930>. A smile doesn't always mean happiness, just as a wide range of expressions can indicate anger. Even if automated systems can detect an expression, they don't know what to make of it. Yet, some enthusiasts trust that AI will not only swiftly interpret human emotions but also predict people’s behavior and make decisions on that basis. Minors and migrants (or both) are a testing ground <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37535569/> in many cases. The recently-approved AI Act bans emotion recognition systems in schools but carves out exemptions for “medical” or “safety” reasons. It remains to be seen if the AI Act will protect students and pupils from transgressive surveillance rooted in pseudo-scientific discourse. -- -- EN https://www.hoepli.it/libro/la-rivoluzione-informatica/9788896069516.html ====================================================== Prof. Enrico Nardelli Past President di "Informatics Europe" Direttore del Laboratorio Nazionale "Informatica e Scuola" del CINI Dipartimento di Matematica - Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc - 00133 Roma home page: https://www.mat.uniroma2.it/~nardelli blog: https://link-and-think.blogspot.it/ tel: +39 06 7259.4204 fax: +39 06 7259.4699 mobile: +39 335 590.2331 e-mail: nardelli(a)mat.uniroma2.it online meeting: https://blue.meet.garr.it/b/enr-y7f-t0q-ont ====================================================== --

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Riflessioni (amare) sul ruolo di Apple e Google, (non) visti dai vertici politici
by Damiano Verzulli Feb. 23, 2024

Feb. 23, 2024

Lo scorso 15/02/2024, il giornalista Simone Spetia, di Radio24, ha intervistato [1] il Ministro Nordio. Focus dell'intervista era la recente approvazione in Senato del DDL 808 - cd. riforma della giustizia -- [2] Non ho letto il testo del DDL, ma gli organi di stampa l'hanno ampiamente coperto, anche perché interveniva sui temi delle intercettazioni telefoniche e dei sequestri degli smartphone (tema sempre interessante, per la stampa generalista). Durante l'intervista, Nordio è sceso nel dettaglio *AGGIUNGENDO* che è sua intenzione quella di rafforzare ulteriormente la disciplina dei sequestri (di smartphone) in quanto ritenuta da lui particolarmente importante. A domanda di Spetia, Nordio ha detto [3]: ============================== /Spetia: "Cosa intende? Cosa avete in progetto?"/ /Nordio: "Beh.. tutto il problema del sequestro e della disciplina dei telefonini e degli smartphone... Noi oggi, anche sulle intercettazioni, ragioniamo o abbiamo ragionato fino a ieri in termini abbastanza grossolani pensando al maresciallo che ascolta mentre telefoni. Oggi in realtà le comunicazioni sono tali... avvengono essenzialmente come in questo momento con un cellulare... Sequestrare un cellulare non significa soltanto captare le conversazioni tra me e lei o tra tizio e caio. Significa sequestrare una vita, non solo la vita propria del sequestrato ma anche degli altri, perché nel suo cellulare --e probabilmente in molti [altri cellulari]--, vi sono delle chat, vi sono delle conversazioni fra Tizio e Caio, tra Sempronio e Martino, tra Merio e Giulio Cesare che, con il sistema "inoltra" sono state inviate a lei. Poi possono esserci immagini addirittura radiografiche perché una persona le manda all'amico affinché le mostri all'illustre clinico e gli dia un'occhiata. Possono esserci immagini intime. Possono essere dichiarazioni dei redditi. Insomma oggi, nel cellulare, come sa chiunque lo possieda --e lo possiedono tutti-- non ci sono soltanto le conversazioni che una volta venivano captate telefonicamente o con le intercettazioni ambientali. C'e' una vita intera. [...] /============================== A questo punto dell'intervista, ero quasi emozionato. Il Ministro della Giustizia ha chiarissimo in mente l'importanza dello smartphone e di tutti i dati che tratta/contiene. Mi aspettavo, quindi, un commento che in qualche modo rilanciasse la necessita' di tutelare al massimo tale dispositivo (ed i relativi dati), ad esempio evidenziando in qualche modo che.... è necessario che i due produttori che si spartiscono il mercato del relativo software (Apple e Google) *NON* si mettano li a "ravanare" nei dati. "Ravanamento" che --come tutti i Nexiani sanno benissimo-- è assolutamente chiaro ed evidente che viene effettuato (gestione rubrica; servizio di cloud-drive per lo storage delle immagini; infrastrutture di instant-messaging; audio; messaggi; etc.). Invece, con mio enorme stupore, Nordio ha chiuso cosi': ============================== /[...] E quindi questa non puo' essere messa nelle mani di un Pubblico Ministero che con una firma se ne impossessa e magari dopo, in un modo o nell'altro, non vigila abbastanza sulla sua divulgazione"/ ============================== Ecco. Laddove il nostro Ministro ha chiaro in mente che nei cellulari si trova la nostra vita intera, ci si preoccupa dell'utilizzo che un P.M. Italiano potrebbe fare dei dati ivi contenuti.... tralasciando totalmente il fatto che, la stessa vita, è censita minuziosamente, analizzata scientemente e dettagliatamente, archiviata a tempo indeterminato, utilizzata per training in ambito AI... da chi sviluppa i relativi sistemi operativi: Apple e Google in primis. *Attenzione*: il mio *NON* è assolutamente un attacco nei confronti del Ministro. Il (mio) problema non è Nordio. Perché a me è chiaro che la cecità nei confronti dei trattamenti operati dai GAFAM è estremamente diffusa in ambito parlamentare e governativo (ricordo benissimo Colao che, addirittura, disse: "Le migliori tecnologie sono americane"). Il punto sul quale vorrei discutere è il perché si è arrivati a tanto. Dove abbiamo sbagliato? Perché si è arrivati al punto in cui un esponente apicale governativo è preoccupato da un P.M. e non, piuttosto, di un soggetto straniero? E soprattutto: cosa è possibile fare per provare a spostare l'angolo di visuale? Un caro saluto, DV [1] https://www.radio24.ilsole24ore.com/programmi/24mattino-le-interviste/punta… [2] https://www.senato.it/leg/19/BGT/Schede/Ddliter/57329.htm [3] l'audio integrale del frammento è disponibile in: https://tube.garrlab.it/w/4qaQihNG9HNPc5o8Qmd3C6 -- Damiano Verzulli e-mail:damiano@verzulli.it --- possible?ok:while(!possible){open_mindedness++} --- "...I realized that free software would not generate the kind of income that was needed. Maybe in USA or Europe, you may be able to get a well paying job as a free software developer, but not here [in Africa]..." -- Guido Sohne - 1973-2008 http://ole.kenic.or.ke/pipermail/skunkworks/2008-April/005989.html

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Danimarca: il Garante Privacy emette un'ingiunzione per l'uso di Google Workspace nelle scuole
by Giacomo Tesio Feb. 23, 2024

Feb. 23, 2024

Salve a tutti, non è proprio notizia freschissima, ma credo non sia passata in lista. Il Garante della Privacy Danese ha emesso un'ingiunzione verso i comuni delle scuole che utilizzano Google Workspace perché tale utilizzo è incompatibile con i diritti fondamentali degli alunni. La notizia, in lingua originale è qui: https://www.datatilsynet.dk/presse-og-nyheder/nyhedsarkiv/2024/jan/datatils… la abbiamo tradotta in italiano qui: https://monitora-pa.it/2024/01/30/Danimarca_GarantePrivacy_emette_ingiunzio… L'ingiunzione è particolarmente interessante perché prescinde dai trasferimenti transatlantici e dalla normativa USA e dipende esclusivamente dai ToS e dalle Privacy Policy dichiarate da Google. Google infatti dichiara esplicitamente di utilizzare i dati degli studenti (e dei dipendenti) della propria suite educational per finalità proprie non tecnicamente necessarie all'erogazione del servizio, e tali trattamenti non sono compatibili con il GDPR. Giacomo

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PNRR - Le scuole si (ri)fanno il sito web a 7.301 euro ciascuno
by Antonio Feb. 22, 2024

Feb. 22, 2024

855 scuole hanno chiesto ed ottenuto fondi per il sito web scolastico [1]. n.855 x Euro 7.301,00 = Euro 6.242.355,00 La descrizione delle proposte di finanziamento che "hanno superato i controlli di ricevibilità e ammissibilità" è: "IMPLEMENTAZIONE E STANDARDIZZAZIONE DEL SITO WEB SCOLASTICO *** GESTIONE DEL CMS ATTRAVERSO L'APPLICATIVO PHP CON ORGANIZZAZIONE DELLA BASE DATI SU SISTEMA MYSQL" Immagino Wordpress o Drupal (quei CMS che, avanti, avanti, avanti, in 10 minuti li installi) Su https://openpnrr.it/progetti/ ci sono i 229.021 progetti finora finanziati, c'è di tutto, hanno comprato di tutto ... L'altro giorno è tornato da scuola mio figlio, inc..to nero. Hanno cancellato la gita scolastica. Non ci sono fondi. A. [1] https://presidenza.governo.it/AmministrazioneTrasparente/Sovvenzioni/Criter…

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Multiple PhD Openings at IMDEA Networks (Madrid)
by ext-alejandro.delgado＠imdea.org Feb. 21, 2024

Feb. 21, 2024

Dear all, IMDEA Networks Institute, research entity based in Madrid, Spain, has opened multiple positions for PhD Students in many areas related to telecommunications and Networks. You can check the full list here and see the specifics of each job in each link or visiting https://networks.imdea.org/job-opportunities/ 1. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.l684uu7arhhs> PhD position in the analysis and modeling of 5G traffic 2. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.g66xtjdtvkf5> PhD position in operational AI for production-grade mobile networks 3. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.q7iricguwsx0> PhD position in the area of Secure Visible Light Communication Systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 4. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.wsm2x2pnxfe> PhD student position in Edge Intelligence and IoT 5. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.3t3pulpzsz1e> PhD position in Opportunistic Architectures Lab 6. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.xa0cv4fhe0az> PhD position in Quantum Networking research as part of the Quantum Information Group 7. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.ppx3yu2c6tem> PhD position in Quantum Machine Learning research as part of the Quantum Information Group 8. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.2lza0a4eo1rk> PhD position in Integrated Sensing and Communications for 6G 9. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.6d88mzch0cxq> PhD position in digital twins for 6G mobile networks 10. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.qv88ws8z82e6> PhD position in Edge AI 11. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lk2tDHn0rcSmXnugq4VHNxKq25qUbn9uZhzxt_k bixk/edit#bookmark=id.3mj32738sj5f> PhD position in the analysis of IoT Firmware and its supply chain Apply by accessing each offer and clicking in Apply Now! Deadline for the receipt of applications is April 14th , 2024 23:59 AoE (April 15th 2024, 13:59h Europe/Madrid Time). Best regards

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Crawford, "Generative AI’s environmental costs are soaring — and mostly secret"
by J.C. DE MARTIN Feb. 21, 2024

Feb. 21, 2024

*Generative AI’s environmental costs are soaring — and mostly secret */First-of-its-kind US bill would address the environmental costs of the technology, but there’s a long way to go. / By Kate Crawford Last month, OpenAI chief executive Sam Altman finally admitted what researchers have been saying for years — that the artificial intelligence (AI) industry is heading for an energy crisis. It’s an unusual admission. At the World Economic Forum’s annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, Altman warned that the next wave of generative AI systems will consume vastly more power than expected, and that energy systems will struggle to cope. “There’s no way to get there without a breakthrough,” he said. I’m glad he said it. I’ve seen consistent downplaying and denial about the AI industry’s environmental costs since I started publishing about them in 2018. Altman’s admission has got researchers, regulators and industry titans talking about the environmental impact of generative AI. [...] Continua qui: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00478-x

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Pentagon explores military uses of emerging AI technologies - The Washington Post
by Alberto Cammozzo Feb. 21, 2024

Feb. 21, 2024

<https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/02/20/pentagon-ai-llm-confer…> Pentagon explores military uses of large language models Washington’s top military AI officials are gathering with industry executives this week to discuss the prospects of large language models and other emerging AI technologies By Eva Dou Nitasha Tiku and Gerrit De Vynck February 20, 2024 at 6:25 p.m. EST After the initial delight around the world over the advent of ChatGPT and AI image generators, government officials have begun worrying about the darker ways they could be used. On Tuesday, the Pentagon began meetings with tech industry leaders to accelerate the discovery and implementation of the most useful military applications. The consensus: Emerging artificial intelligence technology could be a game changer for the military, but it needs intensive testing to ensure it works reliably and that there aren’t vulnerabilities that could be exploited by adversaries. Craig Martell, head of the Pentagon’s Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office, or CDAO, told a packed ballroom at the Washington Hilton that his team was trying to balance speed with caution in implementing cutting-edge AI technologies, as he opened a four-day symposium on the topic. “Everybody wants to be data-driven,” Martell said. “Everybody wants it so badly that they are willing to believe in magic.” The ability of large language models, or LLMs, such as ChatGPT to review gargantuan troves of information within seconds and crystallize it into a few key points suggests alluring possibilities for militaries and intelligence agencies, which have been grappling with how to sift through the ever-growing oceans of raw intelligence available in the digital age. “The flow of information into an individual, especially in high-activity environments, is huge,” U.S. Navy Capt. M. Xavier Lugo, mission commander of the recently formed generative AI task force at the CDAO, said at the symposium. “Having reliable summarization techniques that can help us manage that information is crucial.” Researchers say other potential military uses for LLMs could include training officers through sophisticated war-gaming and even helping with real-time decision-making. Paul Scharre, a former Defense Department official who is now executive vice president at the Center for a New American Security, said that some of the best uses probably have yet to be discovered. He said what has excited defense officials about LLMs is their flexibility to handle diverse tasks, compared with earlier AI systems. “Most AI systems have been narrow AI,” he said. “They are able to do one task right. AlphaGo was able to play Go. Facial recognition systems could recognize faces. But that’s all they can do. Whereas language seems to be this bridge toward more general-purpose abilities.” But a major obstacle — perhaps even a fatal flaw — is that LLMs continue to have “hallucinations,” in which they conjure up inaccurate information. Lugo said it was unclear if that can be fixed, calling it “the number one challenge to industry.” The CDAO established Task Force Lima, the initiative to study generative AI that Lugo chairs, in August, with a goal of developing recommendations for “responsible” deployment of the technology at the Pentagon. Lugo said the group was initially formed with LLMs in mind — the name “Lima” was derived from the NATO phonetic alphabet code for the letter “L,” in a reference to LLMs — but its remit was quickly expanded to include image and video generation. “As we were progressing even from phase zero to phase one, we went into generative AI as a whole,” he said. Researchers say LLMs still have a ways to go before they can be used reliably for high-stakes purposes. Shannon Gallagher, a Carnegie Mellon researcher speaking at the conference, said her team was asked last year by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence to explore how LLMs can be used by intelligence agencies. Gallagher said that in her team’s study, they devised a “balloon test,” in which they prompted LLMs to describe what happened in the high-altitude Chinese surveillance balloon incident last year, as a proxy for the kinds of geopolitical events an intelligence agency might be interested in. The responses ran the gamut, with some of them biased and unhelpful. “I’m sure they’ll get it right next time. The Chinese were not able to determine the cause of the failure. I’m sure they’ll get it right next time. That’s what they said about the first test of the A-bomb. I’m sure they’ll get it right next time. They’re Chinese. They’ll get it right next time,” one of the responses read. An even more worrisome prospect is that an adversarial hacker could break a military’s LLM and prompt it to spill out its data sets from the back end. Researchers proved in November that this was possible: By asking ChatGPT to repeat the word “poem” forever, they got it to start leaking training data. ChatGPT fixed that vulnerability, but others could exist. “An adversary can make your AI system do something that you don’t want it to do,” said Nathan VanHoudnos, another Carnegie Mellon scientist speaking at the symposium. “An adversary can make your AI system learn the wrong thing.” During his talk on Tuesday, Martell made a call for industry’s help, saying that it might not make sense for the Defense Department to build its own AI models. “We can’t do this without you,” Martell said. “All of these components that we’re envisioning are going to be collections of industrial solutions.” Martell was preaching to the choir Tuesday, with some 100 technology vendors jostling for space at the Hilton, many of them eager to snag an upcoming contract. In early January, OpenAI removed restrictions against military applications from its “usage policies” page, which used to prohibit “activity that has high risk of physical harm, including,” specifically, “weapons development” and “military and warfare.” Commodore Rachel Singleton, head of Britain’s Defense Artificial Intelligence Center, said at the symposium that Britain felt compelled to quickly develop an LLM solution for internal military use because of concerns staffers may be tempted to use commercial LLMs in their work, putting sensitive information at risk. As U.S. officials discussed their urgency to roll out AI, the elephant in the room was China, which declared in 2017 that it wanted to become the world’s leader in AI by 2030. The U.S. Defense Department’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, announced in 2018 that it would invest $2 billion in AI technologies to make sure the United States retained the upper hand. Martell declined to discuss adversaries’ capabilities during his talk, saying the topic would be addressed later in a classified session. Scharre estimated that China’s AI models are currently 18 to 24 months behind U.S. ones. “U.S. technology sanctions are top of mind for them,” he said. “They’re very eager to find ways to reduce some of these tensions between the U.S. and China, and remove some of these restrictions on U.S. technology like chips going to China.” Gallagher said that China still might have an edge in data labeling for LLMs, a labor-intensive but key task in training the models. Labor costs remain considerably lower in China than in the United States. CDAO’s gathering this week will cover topics including the ethics of LLM usage in defense, cybersecurity issues involved in the systems, and how the technology can be integrated into the daily workflow, according to the conference agenda. On Friday, there will also be classified briefings on the National Security Agency’s new AI Security Center, announced in September, and the Pentagon’s Project Maven AI program.

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New York ha fatto causa a TikTok, Facebook e YouTube per danni alla salute mentale di bambini e ragazzi.
by Enrico Nardelli Feb. 19, 2024

Feb. 19, 2024

https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/topnews/2024/02/16/new-york-fa-causa-a-tik… sito a pagamento - in denaro o dati personali... :-) Secondo la causa Meta, Snap, ByteDance e Google hanno consapevolmente costruito e commercializzato le loro piattaforme per "attrarre, catturare e creare dipendenza nei giovani". L'iniziativa richiama il procedimento intentato nel 2022 in California. Il sindaco di New York, Eric Adams, aveva anticipato la causa a fine gennaio. "Negli ultimi dieci anni abbiamo visto quanto il mondo online possa esporre i nostri figli a un flusso continuo di contenuti dannosi e alimentare la crisi nazionale della salute mentale dei giovani", ha affermato il primo cittadino in una nota. Oltre alla città di New York, tra i querelanti ci sono anche il distretto scolastico e le istituzioni sanitarie, secondo le quali le società proprietarie hanno "consapevolmente progettato, sviluppato, prodotto, gestito, promosso, distribuito e commercializzato le loro piattaforme per attrarre e creare dipendenza, con una supervisione minima da parte dei genitori". -------- Riflessione provocatoria: 20 anni fa, quando sono nate le piattaforme social, lo avevamo previsto questo disastro? Se no (non mi pare di ricordare che il sentimento generale fosse di preoccupazione, anzi ricordo piuttosto molto entusiasmo) perché adesso vediamo ancora più entusiasmo per far usare a tutti, grandi e piccini, strumenti di IA i cui difetti sono ben noti, ma le cui conseguenze sociali molto incerte? Poi lo so benissimo che, quando il capitale spinge, molti si allineano, ma mi sarei aspettato tra i cosiddetti intellettuali un po' più dello spirito critico che c'era in giro negli anni '70. Sia chiaro, non è una critica a un investimento in scienza e tecnologia che può essere di gran beneficio per l'umanità ma solo un'osservazione "naturalistica", la registrazione di uno stato delle cose che mi preoccupa un po' per il futuro di tutti. Ciao, Enrico -- -- EN https://www.hoepli.it/libro/la-rivoluzione-informatica/9788896069516.html ====================================================== Prof. Enrico Nardelli Past President di "Informatics Europe" Direttore del Laboratorio Nazionale "Informatica e Scuola" del CINI Dipartimento di Matematica - Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc - 00133 Roma home page: https://www.mat.uniroma2.it/~nardelli blog: https://link-and-think.blogspot.it/ tel: +39 06 7259.4204 fax: +39 06 7259.4699 mobile: +39 335 590.2331 e-mail: nardelli(a)mat.uniroma2.it online meeting: https://blue.meet.garr.it/b/enr-y7f-t0q-ont ====================================================== --

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Un ritorno alle origini (militari)
by Daniela Tafani Feb. 19, 2024

Feb. 19, 2024

How Silicon Valley learned to love America, drones and glory After a decade of building the future, tech’s new guard is going back to the American past -- spurring a funding frenzy in defense technology By Nitasha Tiku and Elizabeth Dwoskin February 17, 2024 at 8:00 a.m. EST Hundreds of bright young technologists have landed in California this weekend for a two-day hackathon — a quintessential start-up contest in which teams of coders race to build software. But rather than a posh, snack-laden San Francisco office, they’ll work in a cavernous 6,000 square-foot warehouse in El Segundo, a refinery town southwest of Los Angeles. And instead of building mobile apps or AI chatbots, competitors will hack together surveillance tools, electronic warfare systems, or drone countermeasures for the front lines in Ukraine — battlefield technology driving a funding frenzy among tech investors. “[Build] hard tech for the defense of the West,” a hackathon judge wrote on X, encouraging applicants. “Defense, Drones. Gundo,” an organizer wrote, using the city’s nickname to promote the event. Until recently, tech workers have bristled at applying the fast and nimble start-up ethos to fashion deadly weapons. When Google signed a Pentagon contract to develop AI to target drone strikes, thousands petitioned its CEO in 2018 to cancel it. Such protests spread during the Trump administration, with workers railing against plans to sell augmented-reality headsets to U.S. troops and facial recognition tools to immigration officials at the U.S.-Mexico border. But after a decade of pushing a utopian vision of the future, tech’s most optimistic pitch is a return to America’s past. Connecting the world is out. Rearming the arsenal of democracy is in. Between 2021 and 2023, investors funneled $108 billion into defense tech companies building a range of cutting-edge tools, including hypersonic missiles, performance-enhancing wearables and satellite surveillance systems, according to the data firm PitchBook, which predicts the defense tech market will surge to $184.7 billion by 2027. Skepticism against defense work has faded for younger generations raised on the tumult of foreign wars, a financial crisis and the rising threat of China, said hackathon organizer Rasmus Dey Meyer, a 20-year-old junior at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. In the world’s fragile state, Dey Meyer said, “It’s a lot more socially acceptable to be unabashedly patriotic in the national interest.” To some among this new crop of tech workers and start-up founders, defense contracting is a higher calling to extend American ideals into the next century. This group of (mostly) men believes in hard work, real innovation, and family values. They’re eager to accelerate progress for America. And a growing number of investors can’t wait to back them. At least three dozen funds are dedicated to the market, according to the Defense Investor Network, investing in newly-coined sectors such as defense tech, deep tech, hard tech, and space tech. Most have militaristic branding, like Andreessen Horowitz’s American Dynamism fund, General Catalyst’s Global Resilience fund, and Shield Capital’s “frontier technologies” fund, which boasts the motto: “Mission Matters.” On Wednesday, the prominent start-up incubator Y Combinator announced a new fund dedicated to defense, space, and robotics. This public embrace of nationalism marks a massive shift in Silicon Valley, where values have long been out of step with the rest of the country, Founders Fund partner Trae Stephens said. The firm’s founder, Peter Thiel, told Stephens in 2014 to locate companies building technology to protect American interests that could be sold to the Department of Defense. In three years, Stephens, whom Thiel had recruited from the CIA-backed data mining start-up Palantir, says he only found one company. Now there are dozens, including at least seven “unicorns” valued at more than $1 billion. Lobbying budgets have likewise expanded, from VC firms along with companies like Anduril, which Stephens co-founded, Shield AI, and Skydio. This cultural shift has been spurred by a growing unease in tech circles, as economic and geopolitical threats collide. Rising interest rates, fragility in the global supply chain and China’s rapid militarization have led to fears that the United States, and perhaps the industry itself, is vulnerable. “Russia invaded Ukraine and reminded us why defense technology is not merely something to debate in theory,” Katherine Boyle, a partner at Andreessen Horowitz said in a November speech at the Defense Venture Summit. “History had begun again, and we understood we were entering a new, violent age.” Ukraine’s ramped-up use of drones prompted the Pentagon to make its notoriously arduous procurement process more hospitable to tech start-ups, launching initiatives like federally guaranteed loans for investors to fund technology deemed critical to national security, improvements that arrived as capital for venture funds was drying up. As the bubble deflated and start-up valuations shrank, “Everyone panicked,” said Michael Dempsey, managing partner of the venture firm Compound. Some developers wondered if they had wasted their time shuffling around software. This period of searching and self-doubt presented an opening for venture firms to declare defense tech the next big thing. Even now, he said, investors lack conviction about where to focus: “It’s like, is it crypto? Is it climate? Is it AI? Is it American dynamism?” Amid layoffs in tech, the latter has grown appealing. In a Morning Consult survey of 441 tech workers last March, 34 percent said they are more likely than they were a year ago to apply their skills to military projects and 48 percent support their employer’s considering defense contracts involving battlefield technologies. “When everything is up and to the right, you don’t have to do the hardest thing to make money,” Stephens said. “But it’s not the money printer moment anymore.” The Silicon Valley-industrial complex Tech’s military ties predate Silicon Valley, which began in the late 1950s when funding from defense and intelligence agencies transformed a stretch of fruit orchards into production grounds for mainframes and microprocessors. Those relationships dwindled during the internet era, then slowly resumed after 9/11, Margaret O’Mara writes in her 2019 book, “The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America.” Palantir, co-founded by Thiel, was one such company formed during the “war on terror,” with backing from the CIA’s venture firm, In-Q-Tel. To keep up with the threat of stateless terrorist networks, the defense establishment reversed its Cold War pipeline, turning to private industry rather than government-funded labs. The Pentagon launched VC firms and sponsored hackathons to build commercial tech that could eventually be sold for military use. Since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, efforts have escalated. The head of the Defense Department appointed a longtime deputy of Apple CEO Tim Cook to direct the Defense Innovation Unit, a division whose aim is to fast track commercial tech for national security, a role reporting directly to Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin. In August, the Pentagon unveiled a Replicator program, which will rapidly build and field thousands of drones in two years or less. The Israel-Gaza war has amplified divisions among workers, with more than 500 Google employees protesting the company’s $1.2 billion contract with the Israeli government in December. Still, the overarching message from elites in both D.C. and Silicon Valley is techno-optimism, said Jack Murphy, an Army Special Operations veteran and former Army Ranger turned investigative journalist. “We think there is a technological solution to everything.” he said. “Are we losing sight of the reality of what AI will probably do on the battlefield?” But rather than out-of-touch, some tech investors present this work as a chance to return to mid-century American values. “Faith, family and the flag — the very things that used to define our national character — have eroded,” Boyle said in her speech at the defense summit, which has become a clarion call for financiers and founders. “You win the war against America when it’s nihilism all the way down.” Accelerate, young man! The clarion call from El Segundo, where the hackathon will take place, is less formal. The city, located between a Chevron refinery, a sewage plant, and Los Angeles International Airport, was once home to contractors building parts for planes, rockets and missiles. Then, in 2002, SpaceX set up shop. Now it’s a haven for a growing scene of deadlifting, nicotine gum-chewing, energy-drink chugging founders of space, energy, and drone start-ups seeking to bring cool back to American manufacturing. Augustus Doricko, the 23-year-old founder of Rainmaker, a start-up that aims to alleviate water scarcity by “seeding” clouds with minerals, called the local tech community a “cultural project” that rejected the engineering culture prized in San Francisco. There, one could make $1 million without doing much work or adding any value to the world. Doricko, who sports a hipster mullet, Nike high-tops, and a casual swagger — an aesthetic he refers to as “Americana” — looks to eras of great technological progress, like the Enlightenment, the Gilded Age, and the 1960s to capture the feeling that “it was an aspirational and honorable thing to be an inventor and a creator and a builder.” Software developers seeking a jolt of energy have been so keen to visit that Doricko put up bunk beds in Rainmaker’s headquarters to “house pilgrims to the Gundo,” he said. Believers evangelize online as well, with social media bios like, “Ask me why consuming energy is good and you should have more babies” and share hustle-and-grind mottos that can sound closer to religious hymnals or military slogans. “gm. the world desperately needs you to build,” wrote one anonymous poster on X, formerly Twitter, using the abbreviation for good morning favored by crypto insiders. Some reject the previous tech era, in particular the protests against Project Maven, Google’s work to target Pentagon drones. This worker dissent ultimately benefited America’s adversaries, former Google researcher Guillaume Verdon said in a recent podcast interview with Joe Lonsdale, a Palantir co-founder and tech investor. “What I saw with my own eyes was cultural subversion within Big Tech,” Verdon said. The issue has led him to help create a philosophy called effective accelerationism or e/acc, which advocates supercharging technological progress through unbridled capitalism. The mantra has become popular in the defense tech world, where some adopt the e/acc moniker, occasionally replacing the “e” with an American flag emoji. Others in the field see their work as preventing conflict. “The neoconservative warmongers of the past is not something I endorse,” Doricko said. “Defense is good, but war is still bad.” Kat Hendrickson eschewed Big Tech jobs after finishing a PhD in mechanical and aerospace engineering in 2022. She wanted to see her research tackle real problems in conflict zones. Still, Hendrickson, a technical director working on fleets of autonomous drones at EpiSci, a Poway, Calif.-based start-up, said the word “patriotism” makes her freeze up, especially as it has become “really co-opted by the far right,” she said. While the war in Ukraine made it easier to explain her job to friends and family, the war in Gaza stirred a lot of internal debate, Hendrickson said. “Looking at Ukraine, a front line of troops — those are your targets,” Hendrickson said. “If you’re looking at Gaza from an Israeli perspective, you’re bombing a city. It’s just totally different.” She and her team discuss safeguards they can put in place if their products are later resold and abused, intentionally or not. “I always tell my team that I hope we’re all a little bit uncomfortable.” Meanwhile, Dey Meyer and his hackathon co-organizers are focused on building the pipeline of young talent. Their organization, Apollo Defense, aims to funnel undergraduates toward creating their own defense tech start-ups or working for one. “This deep sense of uncertainty about the future [that young people have] can be molded,” Dey Meyer said. “We have agency in shaping that future. And the way that we shape that future is by building the best possible arsenal to make sure that war never happens.” https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/02/17/silicon-valley-militar…

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