- nexa - server-nexa.polito.it

Discorso alla seduta plenaria del Parlamento europeo
by Agata Lo Tauro Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

Discorso alla seduta plenaria del Parlamento europeo https://ec.europa.eu/italy/sites/italy/files/img/news/discorso_al_parlament… Vi inoltro il seguente link sperando di fare cosa gradita. Cari saluti a tutti, agata https://it.linkedin.com › agata-lo-tauro-6723257b <https://it.linkedin.com/in/agata-lo-tauro-6723257b>

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Preventing undesirable behavior of intelligent machines
by Giacomo Tesio Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

Intelligent machines using machine learning algorithms are ubiquitous, ranging from simple data analysis and pattern recognition tools to complex systems that achieve superhuman performance on various tasks. Ensuring that they do not exhibit undesirable behavior—that they do not, for example, cause harm to humans—is therefore a pressing problem. We propose a general and flexible framework for designing machine learning algorithms. This framework simplifies the problem of specifying and regulating undesirable behavior. To show the viability of this framework, we used it to create machine learning algorithms that precluded the dangerous behavior caused by standard machine learning algorithms in our experiments. Our framework for designing machine learning algorithms simplifies the safe and responsible application of machine learning. [...] Let D, called the data, be the input to the ML algorithm. For example, in the classification setting, D is not a single labeled training example but rather all of the available labeled training examples. D is a random variable and the source of randomness in our subsequent statements regarding probability. An ML algorithm is a function a, where a(D) is the solution output by the algorithm when trained on data D. Let Θ be the set of all possible solutions that an ML algorithm could output. Our framework mathematically defines what an algorithm should do in a way that allows the user to directly place probabilistic constraints on the solution, a(D), returned by the algorithm. This differs from the standard ML approach wherein the user can only indirectly constrain a(D) by restricting or modifying the feasible set Θ or objective function f. Concretely, algorithms constructed using our framework are designed to satisfy constraints of the form Pr(g(a(D)) ≤ 0) ≥ 1 – δ, where g: Θ → ℝ defines a measure of undesirable behavior (as illustrated later by example) and δ ∈ [0, 1] limits the admissible probability of undesirable behavior. Using our framework for designing ML algorithms involves three steps: 1) Define the goal for the algorithm design process. [...] Note that this is in contrast to the standard ML approach: In the standard ML approach, Eq. 1 defines the goal of the algorithm, which is to produce a solution with a given set of properties, whereas in our framework, Eq. 2 defines the goal of the designer, which is to produce an algorithm with a given set of properties. [...] 2) Define the interface that the user will use. The user should have the freedom to specify one or more gi that capture the user’s own definition of undesirable behavior.[...] 3) Create the algorithm. [...] In practice, designers rarely produce algorithms that cannot be improved upon, which implies that they may only find approximate solutions to Eq. 2. Our framework allows for this by requiring a to satisfy only the probabilistic constraints while attempting to optimize f; we call such algorithms Seldonian. [...] The Seldonian algorithms and applications we present below are illustrations to show that it is possible and tractable to design Seldonian algorithms that can tackle important problems of interest. [...] We must therefore provide the user with a way to tell our algorithm the statistic to be bounded, without requiring the user to provide the value, g(θ), of the statistic for different solutions θ (see step 2 above). To achieve this (14), we allow the user to specify a sample statistic g^(θ,D), and we define g(θ) to be the expected value of this sample statistic: g(θ) = E[g^(θ,D)], where E denotes expected value. Continua su https://science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6468/999 ___ Alcune osservazioni da profano (sperando di essere corretto ed imparare qualcosa di nuovo :-D) La fairness del modello selezionato è - probabile, per cui questo framework non può essere considerato una garanzia - definita sulla base di una o più funzioni (gi) definite ex-ante (la cui definizione è sotto il controllo del designer) - tali funzioni sono a loro volta statistiche (per esempio "l'errore medio nelle predizioni per uomini è entro un ε = 0.05 da quello delle predizioni per le donne"). Se ho capito, l'ottimizzazione Seldoniana > argmax a ∈ Af(a)s.t. ∀i∈{1,...,n},Pr(gi(a(D))≤0)≥1−δi seleziona gli algoritmi che minimizzano la probabilità di ciascuno dei vincoli desiderati in isolamento (entro un certo errore), ma non è detto che minimizzino le combinazioni degli stessi (ad esempio potrebbero minimizzare il bias MEDIO sul sesso e il bias MEDIO sull'etnia o il bias MEDIO sull'età, ma svantaggiare o avvantaggiare comunque le donne anziane di etnia rom). La questione è rilevante perché l'articolo prevede di lasciare all'utente la scelta delle definizioni di "fairness" rilevanti FRA quelle fornite dal progettista. Di conseguenza questo interessantissimo approccio (che sostanzialmente rende probabili alcuni meta-caratteristiche "secondarie" durante la selezione della funzione che approssima l'obiettivo ignoto) non può essere usato per produrre decisioni sull'uomo in quanto comunque imperscrutabile. Giacomo

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Closing the Trust Gap Is Key to Keeping Up with Global Cyber Threats
by Agata Lo Tauro Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

Vi inoltro il seguente link sperando di fare cosa gradita. https://globalmedia.umgc.edu/2019/11/27/closing-the-trust-gap-is-key-to-kee… cari saluti a voi tutti agata https://it.linkedin.com › agata-lo-tauro-6723257b <https://it.linkedin.com/in/agata-lo-tauro-6723257b>

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Mueller: "What to do about .ORG"
by J.C. DE MARTIN Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

*What to do about .ORG* /Milton Mueller//[1] / On November 13, the Internet Society announced that the .ORG domain registry will be sold to a for-profit private equity firm. Much of the community that pays attention to ICANN is in an uproar about it. There is now a movement to “Save .ORG;” there are claims that the sale was corrupt or unethical; there is loose talk about major price increases, wailings about “soulless capital” taking over the Internet, and a lot of interesting speculation about the role of former ICANN CEO Fadi Chehadi in the sale. Most of the basic facts about the sale have been reported elsewhere. A good summary from Samuel Klein is here <http://blogs.harvard.edu/sj/2019/11/23/a-tale-of-icann-and-regulatory-captu…>. Not so clear is what should be done about it. We are still debating the appropriate response by ICANN, the Internet Society, and the noncommercial domain registrants for whom .ORG was supposed to be their special place. In this article, we outline what we think is the problem and the appropriate responses to it. IGP believes that there is cause for concern, but civil society groups are in danger of losing credibility with poorly thought out or ineffectual responses. [...] continua qui: https://www.internetgovernance.org/2019/11/25/what-to-do-about-org/ [1] Milton Mueller is a founder of IGP an internationally prominent scholar specializing in the political economy of information and communication. He is the author of Will the Internet Fragment? (Polity, 2017), Networks and States: The global politics of Internet governance (MIT Press, 2010) and Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace (MIT Press, 2002)

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The Next Big Cheap
by Carlo Blengino Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

Le metafore sul BigData, la narrazione e la realtà: "Because cheap things don’t stay cheap forever, and the ongoing cheapification of big data will require an ever-expanding appropriation of land, labor, and human life." Da leggere: https://reallifemag.com/the-next-big-cheap/

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La Mairie de Paris veut maîtriser et taxer les livraisons d’Amazon
by Luigi Scorca Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2019/11/25/anne-hidalgo-veut-maitri… Luigi

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Il corriere Amazon
by don Luca Peyron Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

Non un articolo tecnico, ma l'opzione umana, sotto Natale, perchè no? Buona lettura a chi desidera dl https://franzrossi.com/il-corriere-amazon/?fbclid=IwAR1G9KJPgddXa92h31THBFL… _________________________ www.universitari.to.it via XX settembre 83, Torino tel. 011 5156239

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(no subject)
by fabio chiusi Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

Nexa https://u.to/IF7LFg Fabio

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U.S.-based chip-tech group moving to Switzerland over trade curb fears
by Giacomo Tesio Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

Interessante rinculo del mercato globale. Ci sarebbe da riflettere sulla scelta della Svizzera come territorio neutrale. Giacomo _____ A U.S.-based foundation overseeing promising semiconductor technology developed with Pentagon support will soon move to Switzerland after several of the group’s foreign members raised concerns about potential U.S. trade curbs. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-semiconductors-insight/u-s-bas… The nonprofit RISC-V Foundation (pronounced risk-five) wants to ensure that universities, governments and companies outside the United States can help develop its open-source technology, its Chief Executive Calista Redmond said in an interview with Reuters. She said the foundation’s global collaboration has faced no restrictions to date but members are “concerned about possible geopolitical disruption.” “From around the world, we’ve heard that ‘If the incorporation was not in the U.S., we would be a lot more comfortable’,” she said. Redmond said the foundation’s board of directors approved the move unanimously but declined to disclose which members prompted it. [...] “There is a message for the government. The message is, if you clamp down on things too tightly this is what is going to happen. In a global supply chain world, companies have choices, and one choice is to go overseas,” he said. [...] Some Republican U.S. lawmakers said they are concerned the United States will lose influence over RISC-V chip architecture, which can be used to make microprocessors for almost every type of electronic device, making it a crucial building block of a modern economy. The technology came from labs at the University of California, Berkeley, and later benefited from funding by the Pentagon’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). [...] “The Chinese Communist Party is trying to circumvent our export control system to support national security threats like Huawei - we cannot let it succeed,” Representative Mike Gallagher, a Republican from Wisconsin, told Reuters. Arkansas Republican Senator Tom Cotton said moving the foundation to ensure it could retain Chinese members was “short-sighted at best.” He added that “if American public funds were used to develop the technology, it’s also completely outrageous.” [...] Morgan Reed, president of The App Association, which receives funding from major U.S. technology firms such as Apple Inc (AAPL.O) and Microsoft Corp (MSFT.O) in Washington, likened the RISC-V Foundation’s work to efforts between U.S. and Chinese companies to jointly develop Wi-Fi chip standards. “The notion that China can be barred from participating in standards alongside the U.S. and the EU is simply not viable,” Reed said. “China is too important as a manufacturer and an end-market to ignore.” [...] Alibaba claimed in July it had developed the fastest RISC-V processor to date. The company declined to comment for this story. The RISC-V Foundation’s move shows how U.S.-China trade tensions could make the United States a harder place to host technology standards groups, according to two attorneys who represent such groups. [...] The groups warned Ross that the Huawei restrictions posed a “serious risk” that standards work could move out of the United States, which could end a long-held trend where U.S.-based groups set de facto standards for the rest of the world, they wrote. [...] The RISC-V Foundation’s Redmond does not yet see a “credible threat” to international collaboration. “But we’re taking out an insurance policy against that type of action by moving our incorporation,” she told Reuters. [...] In response to Reuters questions, a Huawei spokesman said: “We support RISC-V Foundation identifying Switzerland as a neutral venue for open source development. Making open source as open as possible is important for the industry.” He said that RISC-V “might fit well into Huawei’s vision of this heterogeneous, open world.”

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WSJ: "U.S. Tech Companies Prop Up China’s Vast Surveillance Network"
by J.C. DE MARTIN Nov. 27, 2019

Nov. 27, 2019

*U.S. Tech Companies Prop Up China’s Vast Surveillance Network* / //Intel, Hewlett Packard Enterprise and others aided and profited from China’s multibillion-dollar surveillance industry, used in its Muslim crackdown/ By Liza Lin and Josh Chin Nov. 26, 2019 11:47 am ET Critical pieces of China’s cutting-edge surveillance state share a connection. They came from America. […] Continua qui: https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-tech-companies-prop-up-chinas-vast-surveil…

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