- nexa - server-nexa.polito.it

Quando l'advertising business e la surveillance si incontrano
by Fabio Pietrosanti (naif) - lists Jan. 8, 2015

Jan. 8, 2015

Meritevole di un cross-posting. -------- Forwarded Message -------- Subject: Meet the iMarker, Russian targeted ad service which analyze your traffic on ISP side Date: Thu, 08 Jan 2015 20:45:13 +0000 From: Anton Nesterov <komachi(a)openmailbox.org> To: cypherpunks(a)cpunks.org How it works? ISPs install the iMarker equipment and mirror all user's traffic on it (Russian surveillance system, SORM, works the same way). Software takes time, URL and HTTP Headers from HTTP requests. Then scraper with IP 92.242.35.54 and User-Agent WebIndex follow every visited URL and analyze its content. All this information used to build a profile for user. They says that information is removed right after analysis, and software saves only result of that analysis. Their website lists that they categorize users by search queries, online shopping activity, time of visits, activity on social networks, keywords on visited pages, visited websites, social-demographic info, such as sex, age, marital status, and education level, and then they use that data to distribute users for consumers groups. Every user has some kind of pseudonymous ID with linked profile. It's also has an opt-out option http://www.imrk.net/status How many users affected? They says it's 38 million people all over Russia. Minister of Communication Nikolay Nikiforov said in 2014 there was 62 million people in Russia using Internet, 56m of them do it every day, so it's 61% of Russian Internet users. iMarker's website list Akado, Rostelecom, ER-Telecom, NetByNet, Qwerty, and TTK as ISPs that installed iMarker's equipment. How to check if this affects you? If you are a client of Russian ISP, you can check it here http://imarker.valdikss.org.ru If you own a webserver, grep the logs for connections from 92.242.35.54. How do check script works? It generate a random link and wait for 3 seconds for connection from iMarker's IP address. How long iMarker works? Company start work on January 2010, commercial sells started on August 2011. http://imarker.valdikss.org.ru/ — script that checks if your ISP use iMarker http://www.vedomosti.ru/tech/news/15669231/bolshoj-reklamnyj-brat — report on iMarker from 2013, says they are ready to provide free DPI to ISPs in exchange of user's data (Russian) http://sporaw.livejournal.com/347832.html — blog post quoting private mails from iMarker's crew (Russian) http://www.imrk.net/privacy — TOS (Russian) http://habrahabr.ru/post/247465/ — blog post about iMarker (Russian) http://www.imarker.ru/ — iMarker website (Russian) http://www.imrk.net/status — opt-out page (Russian) http://minsvyaz.ru/ru/news/index.php?id_4=44571 — Nikiforov's statement on number of Russian Internet users (Russian) -- https://nesterov.pw GPG key: 0CE8 65F1 9043 2B11 25A5 74A7 1187 6869 67AA 56E4 https://keybase.io/komachi/key.asc

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aspetti da considerare se si parla di abolizione della SIAE
by Simone Aliprandi Jan. 8, 2015

Jan. 8, 2015

La tentazione di gridare "Aboliamo la SIAE!" è forte di questi tempi; ma se vogliamo parlare di un superamento dell'attuale modello di gestione collettiva in Italia è importante tener presenti alcuni aspetti delicati. Li ho messi in luce nel mio intervento nell'utile dibattito pubblico che è stato lanciato nelle scorse settimane dal sito Conversomag.com. Vi invito a commentare e a partecipare al dibattito. A questo link trovate tutte le informazioni: http://aliprandi.blogspot.it/2015/01/abolire-siae-considerare.html Grazie, un cordiale saluto. -- Simone Aliprandi - http://www.aliprandi.org | http://www.array.eu

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se non paghi ti metto alla gogna: la vicenda si Oristano
by Simone Aliprandi Jan. 8, 2015

Jan. 8, 2015

Oggi è uscito un mio commento, con intervista a G.B. Gallus (Fellow di Nexa) sulla vicenda del Comune di Oristano, cioè quella della pubblicazione di una lista di privati cittadini che non hanno pagato "multe" inflitte dalla Polizia Locale. Un altro caso di difficile equilibrio tra trasparenza e privacy. Ecco il link: http://aliprandi.blogspot.it/2015/01/non-paghi-sputtano-oristano.html Un cordiale saluto. -- Simone Aliprandi - http://www.aliprandi.org | http://www.array.eu

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Fwd: [webscience-announce] CFP; 2nd International Conference on Internet Science - Submission deadline 20 Feb
by J.C. DE MARTIN Jan. 8, 2015

Jan. 8, 2015

-------- Forwarded Message -------- Subject: [webscience-announce] CFP; 2nd International Conference on Internet Science - Submission deadline 20 Feb Resent-Date: Thu, 08 Jan 2015 11:24:09 +0100 Resent-From: d004620(a)polito.it Date: Thu, 8 Jan 2015 10:15:08 +0000 From: Susan Davies <sdd1(a)soton.ac.uk> To: 'webscience-announce(a)ecs.soton.ac.uk' <webscience-announce(a)ecs.soton.ac.uk>, 'wsi-announce(a)ecs.soton.ac.uk' <wsi-announce(a)ecs.soton.ac.uk> *** APOLOGIES FOR CROSS POSTINGS *** Accepted papers will be published in the Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) and presented at the conference. View this email in your browser <http://us9.campaign-archive2.com/?u=688f86157fc7130b8e191d0b5&id=f3813c3901…> Call for Papers The 2nd International Conference on Internet Science – Societies, Governance and Innovation *VENUE: *Flagey – Rue du Belvédère 27 – 1050 Ixelles – Brussels – Belgium *DATE: *28th – 29th May 2015 *WEBSITE:* Internet Science Conference <http://internet-science.us9.list-manage.com/track/click?u=688f86157fc7130b8…> (www.internetscienceconference.eu <http://www.internetscienceconference.eu/>) *CONTACT:* cfp(a)internet-science.eu <mailto:cfp@internet-science.eu> The 2nd International Conference on Internet Science aims at progressing and investigating on topics of high relevance with Internet’s impact on societies, governance, and innovation. It focuses on the contribution and role of Internet science on the current and future multidisciplinary understanding of societies transformations, governance shifts and innovation quests. Its main objective is to allow an open and productive dialogue between all the disciplines which study the Internet as a socio-technical system under any technological or humanistic perspectives. We invite both research papers presenting new results, and extended abstracts with provoking ideas and work-in-progress, shedding light on Internet Science from all involved disciplines and especially papers crossing rigid disciplines boundaries. *POSSIBLE TOPICS FOR SUBMISSION (not limited to)* *Internet and Society* • Internet and political participation • Internet of things and society • Digital competences and participation • Virtual communities and behavioral patterns • People-driven Internet technologies and applications, including collaborative platforms & social search, open data and new interfaces • Knowledge, education, and societal Web impact on Internet evolution • Offline and online human behavior with emphasis on social media and online interactions *Internet and governance* • Internet governance and evolution • Internet economics and new business models • Social sciences and ethics for Internet use • E-democracy and e-participation • Identity, Trust and Privacy • Internet governance and legal policies • Security, Resilience and Dependability Aspects • Internet solutions for Sustainability *Internet and innovation* • Collective intelligence for innovative solutions • Internet, society, and innovation • Novel network analytics on the Internet • Intellectual property and the commons • Design, implementation, and analysis of novel platforms • New collaborative markets analytics • New research and technical questions and thought-provoking ideas (intersection of design, arts and social interactions) • Economic aspects of the Internet *IMPORTANT DATES* • February 20th 2015: Submissions of papers • March 10th 2015: Notification of acceptance for papers • March 20th 2015: Camera-ready version of papers *INITIAL PAPERS SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS* Submissions must represent original work and papers should neither have been published nor be under review elsewhere. All submitted papers must: • be written in English and be submitted in PDF format; • contain author names, affiliations, and email addresses; • be formatted according to the Springer's LNCS format Proceedings template. Information about the Springer LNCS format can be found here <http://internet-science.us9.list-manage.com/track/click?u=688f86157fc7130b8…> (http://www.springer.de/comp/lncs/authors.html) ; • Three to five keywords characterizing the paper should be indicated at the end of the abstract; • The type of paper (technical/empirical or evaluation/experience/exploratory/position paper) should be indicated in the submission. • full paper submissions should not exceed 15 pages and short paper should not exceed 8 pages (including all text, figures, references and appendices) ; • Submissions not conforming to the LNCS format, and exceeding the submission pages limits or being obviously out of the scope of the conference, will be rejected without review. Submissions should be made electronically in PDF via the electronic submission system <http://internet-science.us9.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=688f86157fc7130b…> of the EINS 2015 Conference Management system (https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=eins2015) *CAMERA-READY SUBMISSION CONDITIONS* Camera-ready submissions should corrected by following the remarks of the referees and submitted in zip format including (1) the camera-ready version of the authors' work in pdf format, (2) the camera-ready version of the authors' work in editable sources format as well as (3) the Consent to Publish signed in ink and scanned to image file. The results described must be unpublished and must not be under review elsewhere. Submissions must conform to Springer's LNCS format and should be, including all text, figures, references and appendices: • 15 pages, for the regular papers, • 8 pages, for the short papers. Information about the Springer LNCS format can be found at http://www.springer.de/comp/lncs/authors.html. Submissions of camera-ready should be made electronically in ZIP (including the aforementioned files) format via the electronic submission system <http://internet-science.us9.list-manage.com/track/click?u=688f86157fc7130b8…> (https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=eins2015) of the EINS 2015 Conference Management system by submitting a new version to the original. *PUBLICATION* Accepted papers will be presented at EINS 2015 and published in the conference proceedings Volume, which is published in the Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). Authors of selected best papers from the conference will be contacted in order to consider submission of an expanded version of their papers for publication in Internet science inter-disciplinary Journal(s). The papers in all the categories should describe original results that have not been accepted or submitted for publication elsewhere. All submissions will be evaluated by at least three members of the international program committee. *ORGANIZER* The EINS Network of Excellence in Internet Science (www.internet-science.eu <http://www.internet-science.eu/>) is supported by the European Commission under its FP7 research-funding programme (ICT theme). It aims to strengthen scientific and technological excellence by developing an integrated and interdisciplinary scientific understanding of Internet networks and their co-evolution with society, by addressing the fragmentation of European research in this area, at geographical and disciplinary levels. *GENERAL CHAIR* Thanassis Tiropanis, University of Southampton, UK *PROGRAMME CHAIRS* Athena Vakali, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Laura Sartori, University of Bologna, Italy *PROCEEDINGS CHAIR* Pete Burnap, Cardiff University *EVENT COORDINATOR* Roger Torrenti, Sigma Orionis, France *ORGANISING COMMITTEE* Anna Satsiou, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece (Chair) Stavroula Maglavera, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece Franco Bagnoli, University of Florence, Italy Hugo Vivier, Sigma Orionis. France About the conference... The 2nd international conference on Internet Science “Societies, governance and innovation” will be organised in Brussels from May 27 to 29, 2015, under the aegis of the European Commission. This three-day event will foster dialogue among scholars and practitioners belonging to a wealth of disciplines, constituting thus a not-to-miss milestone for the Internet Science domain. *Visit the conference website* <http://internet-science.us9.list-manage.com/track/click?u=688f86157fc7130b8…> *Register for the conference* <http://internet-science.us9.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=688f86157fc7130b…>

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OpenDemocracy: "No, we are NOT all Charlie (and that’s a problem)"
by J.C. DE MARTIN Jan. 8, 2015

Jan. 8, 2015

*No, we are NOT all Charlie (and that’s a problem)* /It is comforting and politically expedient to claim that “we” are attacked because “they” cannot deal with “our” freedoms, particularly freedom of speech./ CAS MUDDE 7 January 2015 The tragic terrorist attack at the French satirist magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris, killing ten journalists and two policemen, is frightening at many levels. Although the three terrorists are still at large, and the official motivation hasn’t been established yet, all indications point to Jihadists, probably French-born Muslims who returned from the war in Syria (note the similarities with the terrorist attack at the Jewish Museum in Brussels last year). The general response has been one that we have seen too often before, for example after the killing of Dutch filmmaker Theo van Gogh in 2004 or the terrorist attacks in the US of 2011. Politicians use the attacks to boast about the perfect democratic and free society that they preside over and stress that this has nothing to do with Islam, but with some pathological individuals who use a religion as an excuse for extremist ideas. Citizens respond in the one medium in which they are still active, social media, and make grand statements of solidarity, before being distracted by a video of a waterskiing squirrel or a piano-playing kitten. Both will declare that we are all whomever the victim of the day is. Today Facebook and Twitter are full of statements like “Je suis Charlie” (I am Charlie) and “we are all Charlie”. Unfortunately, we are not. Or, more precisely, with very few exceptions, we are not Charlie, and that is a major problem for liberal democracies around the world. Let me give you three reasons why most of us are not Charlie and why this is problematic for our democracies. […] Continua qui: https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/cas-mudde/no-we-are-not-al…

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Premier Festival du Domaine Public (Paris, 16-31 gennaio 2015)
by J.C. DE MARTIN Jan. 8, 2015

Jan. 8, 2015

http://festivaldomainepublic.org/a-propos.html On fête le centenaire de la naissance ou de la mort d’un auteur mais, à l’heure du numérique, n’est-il pas tout aussi important de célébrer comme il se doit son entrée dans le domaine public ? Domaine public ? Pour rappel, le domaine public désigne les œuvres de l’esprit qui ne sont plus couvertes par le droit d’auteur. En France une œuvre « tombe » (ou plutôt « entre » voire « s’élève ») généralement dans le domaine public 70 ans après la mort de son auteur, c’est-à-dire qu’elle revient au public. D’où vient ce festival ? C’est un prolongement de la « Journée du Domaine Public <http://journeedudomainepublic.fr/> », initiée par le réseau européen Communia et organisée en France depuis 2010 par Wikimedia France, Creative Commons France, Open Knowledge Fondation France, la liste SavoirCom1 et la Quadrature du Net. Ce festival est à l’initiative d’Alexis Kauffmann et de Véronique Boukali, enseignants de formation et fondateurs respectifs de Framasoft <http://framasoft.net/> et Romaine Lubrique <http://romainelubrique.org/>. Pourquoi un festival du domaine public ? Parce que, grâce aux nouvelles technologies, le domaine public acquiert une importance nouvelle. Les œuvres du domaine public, lorsqu’elles sont numérisées, sont accessibles à tous ; elles peuvent être diffusées, échangées, modifiées librement. C’est un vaste patrimoine commun que chacun peut redécouvrir, s’approprier et réinventer comme bon lui semble. Le domaine public réalise ainsi sa promesse : donner aux œuvres une « seconde vie », en permettant à tout un chacun d’y accéder sans demander d’autorisation ni de payer de droits. Ce festival se donne pour but de sensibiliser le plus grand nombre à l’importance et à la richesse du domaine public, par un ensemble de manifestations à la croisée de la culture, des nouvelles technologies et de la création.

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Call for Papers - "2nd International Conference on Internet Science" (28-29 maggio 2015)
by Giuseppe Futia Jan. 7, 2015

Jan. 7, 2015

Gentilissimi, abbiamo il piacere di segnalarvi la call for papers per la conferenza sul tema Internet Science organizzata dal network EINS (http://www.internet-science.eu/) I dettagli sono disponibili in calce alla mail. Cordiali saluti, -- ------------------------------------------------- Giuseppe Futia Communication Manager Nexa Center for Internet & Society Politecnico di Torino - DAUIN Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 - 10129 Torino web: http://nexa.polito.it mail: giuseppe.futia(a)polito.it tel. +39 011 090 7219 ================== Call for Papers The 2nd International Conference on Internet Science "Societies, Governance and Innovation" ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- VENUE: Flagey – Rue du Belvédère 27 – 1050 Ixelles – Brussels – Belgium DATE: 28th – 29th May 2015 WEBSITE: http://www.internetscienceconference.eu/ CONTACT: cfp(a)internet-science.eu The 2nd International Conference on Internet Science aims at progressing and investigating on topics of high relevance with Internetβ€™s impact on societies, governance, and innovation. It focuses on the contribution and role of Internet science on the current and future multidisciplinary understanding of societies transformations, governance shifts and innovation quests. Its main objective is to allow an open and productive dialogue between all the disciplines which study the Internet as a socio-technical system under any technological or humanistic perspectives. We invite both research papers presenting new results, and extended abstracts with provoking ideas and work-in-progress, shedding light on Internet Science from all involved disciplines and especially papers crossing rigid disciplines boundaries. POSSIBLE TOPICS FOR SUBMISSION (not limited to) Internet and Society -------------------- - Internet and political participation - Internet of things and society - Digital competences and participation - Virtual communities and behavioral patterns - People-driven Internet technologies and applications, including collaborative platforms & social search, open data and new interfaces - Knowledge, education, and societal Web impact on Internet evolution - Offline and online human behavior with emphasis on social media and online interactions Internet and governance ----------------------- - Internet governance and evolution - Internet economics and new business models - Social sciences and ethics for Internet use - E-democracy and e-participation - Identity, Trust and Privacy - Internet governance and legal policies - Security, Resilience and Dependability Aspects - Internet solutions for Sustainability Internet and innovation ----------------------- - Collective intelligence for innovative solutions - Internet, society, and innovation - Novel network analytics on the Internet - Intellectual property and the commons - Design, implementation, and analysis of novel platforms - New collaborative markets analytics - New research and technical questions and thought-provoking ideas (intersection of design, arts and social interactions) - Economic aspects of the Internet IMPORTANT DATES February 20th 2015: Submissions of papers March 10th 2015: Notification of acceptance for papers March 20th 2015: Camera-ready version of papers INITIAL PAPERS SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS Submissions must represent original work and papers should neither have been published nor be under review elsewhere. All submitted papers must: - be written in English and be submitted in PDF format; - contain author names, affiliations, and email addresses; - be formatted according to the Springer's LNCS format Proceedings template. Information about the Springer LNCS format can be found at http://www.springer.de/comp/lncs/authors.html ; - Three to five keywords characterizing the paper should be indicated at the end of the abstract; - The type of paper (technical/empirical or evaluation/experience/exploratory/position paper) should be indicated in the submission. - Full paper submissions should not exceed 15 pages and short paper should not exceed 8 pages (including all text, figures, references and appendices) ; - Submissions not conforming to the LNCS format, and exceeding the submission pages limits or being obviously out of the scope of the conference, will be rejected without review. Submissions should be made electronically in PDF via the electronic submission system of the EINS 2015 Conference Management system at: https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=eins2015 CAMERA-READY SUBMISSION CONDITIONS Camera-ready submissions should corrected by following the remarks of the referees and submitted in zip format including (1) the camera-ready version of the authors' work in pdf format, (2) the camera-ready version of the authors' work in editable sources format as well as (3) the Consent to Publish signed in ink and scanned to image file. The results described must be unpublished and must not be under review elsewhere. Submissions must conform to Springer's LNCS format and should be, including all text, figures, references and appendices: - 15 pages, for the regular papers, - 8 pages, for the short papers. Information about the Springer LNCS format can be found at http://www.springer.de/comp/lncs/authors.html. Submissions of camera-ready should be made electronically in ZIP (including the aforementioned files) format via the electronic submission system of the EINS 2015 Conference Management system at https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=eins2015 by submitting a new version to the original. PUBLICATION Accepted papers will be presented at EINS 2015 and published in the conference proceedings Volume, which is published in the Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). Authors of selected best papers from the conference will be contacted in order to consider submission of an expanded version of their papers for publication in Internet science inter-disciplinary Journal(s). The papers in all the categories should describe original results that have not been accepted or submitted for publication elsewhere. All submissions will be evaluated by at least three members of the international program committee. ORGANIZER The EINS Network of Excellence in Internet Science (www.internet-science.eu) is supported by the European Commission under its FP7 research-funding programme (ICT theme). It aims to strengthen scientific and technological excellence by developing an integrated and interdisciplinary scientific understanding of Internet networks and their co-evolution with society, by addressing the fragmentation of European research in this area, at geographical and disciplinary levels. GENERAL CHAIR Thanassis Tiropanis, University of Southampton, UK PROGRAMME CHAIRS Athena Vakali, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Laura Sartori, University of Bologna, Italy PROCEEDINGS CHAIR Pete Burnap, Cardiff University EVENT COORDINATOR Roger Torrenti, Sigma Orionis, France ORGANISING COMMITTEE Anna Satsiou, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece (Chair) Stavroula Maglavera, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece Franco Bagnoli, University of Florence, Italy Hugo Vivier, Sigma Orionis. France

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Special Issue Eurozine: "The politics of privacy: Claiming a European value"
by J.C. DE MARTIN Jan. 7, 2015

Jan. 7, 2015

Eurozine Editorial <http://www.eurozine.com/authors/eurozine.html> Privacy politics today We have entered a new phase of debate about privacy – about its sociological definition and ethical value vis-à-vis contemporary communications technologies and the behavioural changes connected to them; about the political value of privacy as a civil right, in the light of secret-service surveillance of the Internet and the securitization of the public sphere; about privacy as a consumer right, given Internet companies' customer profiling and the marketization of personal data; and accompanying all of these, about the legal definition of privacy, how it should be protected by laws and how those laws should be enforced. The politics of privacy This article is part of the Eurozine focal point *The politics of privacy: Claiming a European value* <http://www.eurozine.com/comp/focalpoints/privacy.html>. We have entered a new phase of debate about privacy: about its sociological definition vis-à-vis contemporary communications technologies; about its definition as a civil and consumer right; and about how it should be protected by laws and how those laws should be enforced. *[more]* <http://www.eurozine.com/comp/focalpoints/privacy.html> Clearly, privacy understood in classical liberal terms as a right of withdrawal from the public sphere or "right to be let alone" by the state is no longer adequate to the diversity of fields of social activity opened up by the Internet. If the right to privacy and personal autonomy exists, so to does a right to free participation in social life, which today entails using digital media. The injury to democratic society brought by a collective loss of privacy cannot be resolved through insistence on separate spheres of state and society, public and private. On the other hand, as the NSA leaks in 2013 brought home, liberal rights retain a core validity. As *William E. Scheuermann* <http://www.eurozine.com/authors/scheuerman.html> writes in his *article* <http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2014-04-18-scheuerman-en.html>, Edward Snowden was able to his establish credibility for his actions as a case of civil disobedience by referring to constitutional protections of individual freedom against state tyranny. According to Scheuermann, Snowden's current predicament makes clear that the jurisdiction of individual civil rights must be extended from the national to the global level. It is not information technologies per se that endanger privacy, but the disparities of social power that emerge from the concentration of knowledge they facilitate. That much was already recognized forty years ago, when electronic data processing became ubiquitous in government to meet the planning challenges of modern, socially complex welfare states. The concept of "data protection" was developed in response to the threat of data misuse by the public authorities, particularly the de-anonymization statistical data – a threat that was by no means new, but that was magnified immeasurably by the processing and aggregating capacities of the new computer technology. In his seminal work /Privacy and Freedom/ (1967), the US constitutional lawyer Alan Westin defined the right of privacy in the computer age as "the claim of individuals [...] to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others". In Europe, Westin's concept was taken up and developed by a generation of politicized jurists and information scientists, particularly in West Germany. The innovation of data protection was to move the definition of privacy away from notions of "retreat" and "refuge" towards those of "action", "participation" and "communication". Made equivalent to data autonomy, or "informational self determination", privacy became a prerequisite for social and political freedom and thus of democratic functioning. However, several key developments in connection with the rise of the world wide web have caused the concept of data autonomy to become a limited instrument with which to confront range of new threats to privacy. In a digital public sphere whose infrastructure is under private ownership, "classical" state surveillance combines with new forms of commercial data profiling and traffic filtering. To meet the civil rights threats posed by this new constellation of power, concepts of entitlement need to be developed and deployed that combine rights of privacy with those of communication and freedom of information. The principle of net neutrality has emerged as precisely such a composite "digital rights" concept. In his article, *Joe McNamee* <http://www.eurozine.com/authors/mcnamee.html>, the director of the European Digital Rights initiative, *explains* <http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2014-12-22-mcnamee-en.html> the political and structural developments that have prompted the call for net neutrality. Another development brought by the explosion of data-volumes held online is the issue of data security, in other words the protection of data against unauthorized, illegal or criminal use. Here the issue is not whether a right of privacy can be legally claimed, so much as how that right can be enforced given the inherent vulnerabilities of web-based data. Informational privacy becomes dependent on the encryption of communications; until now introduced at user-end, encryption is increasingly becoming a default technology or aspect of "privacy by design" (built-in privacy protections). Nevertheless, a coalition of interests in the private and public sectors also creates hostility to encryption: as Joe McNamee writes, encryption presents a hindrance to the marketization of data, something that states are happy to allow, since they also benefit from the identifiability of data. The danger is then that data security becomes a marketable commodity; that online privacy ceases to be a basic standard of the open web but is sold to users as a "special service". In terms of implications for privacy, the marketization of personal data is probably the single most significant development brought by the web. It is the social networks that are the major exploiters of the economic potential of mass social data, although access providers are catching up. In his article on social networks and the science of Big Data analysis, the media scientist *Ramón Reichert* <http://www.eurozine.com/authors/reichert.html> *describes* <http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2014-12-23-reichert-en.html> Facebook as "a company-controlled social media platform with a primary interest in a user-generated data flow". Today's social media, he argues, represent the most important source of knowledge for control and governance. Not only do social media act as an indicator of "good government"; government itself adapts to the "moods" divined by the data analysts at the "back-end" of social networks. The meta-knowledge derived from Big Data analysis creates a digital divide not only between users and programmers, but also between "industry" and public-interest science. In this context, the value at stake is less the privacy of the individual web-user, so much as transparency and the equal distribution of knowledge derived from aggregated personal data. This shift of focus away from individual rights of privacy to structural inequalities facilitated by Big Data analysis responds to the fact that, in the case of social networks, personal data are voluntarily released. Reichert uses the term "participatory surveillance" to describe the co-opting of individual consent in processes of governance and social control. As the biometric and sensor-technology connected to mobile devices enable the personal and physical self to be tracked with ever greater proximity, this monitoring of the social becomes all the more pervasive, so that the term "bio-surveillance" is apt. The question becomes not so much how to protect individual privacy from individuals themselves, with the paternalist associations that brings, as what participatory surveillance means for the constitution and preservation of social and economic power. *Elmar Altvater* <http://www.eurozine.com/authors/altvater.html>'s political-anthropological *perspective* <http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2014-12-19-altvater-en.html> on the implications of NSA leaks steps outside the usual parameters of the privacy debate. For him, the worldwide spying operation is about more than security and counter-terrorism; rather, it forms part of a geo-engineering strategy aimed at controlling the global flow of information on issues that will determine the global future. Attempting to reign in the US security services by appeals to reason ignores that human rights law has failed to restrain these over the last fifty years. Opposition to secret service surveillance must therefore combine historical experience with a grasp of the significance of the planetary data theft for the "geological" future. Unquestionably, privacy is a global issue: developing a privacy framework in keeping with technological development in societies such as China or India will be a major challenge of the future. In the global campaign for data protection and digital rights, European standards can serve as a point of reference. Nevertheless, privacy law is far from being a shoe-in in Europe: as a number of recent developments show, it is among the most controversial policy areas there are. These developments include: 1) The ongoing process within the EU to agree on the Data Protection Regulation, which would replace, update and in key respects strengthen the current 1995 Directive. Most significant is its creation of a centralized European data protection authority, which would prevent international companies exploiting weaker jurisdictions. The political importance of this piece of legislation is demonstrated by the fact that the members of the parliamentary Committee for Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs responsible for drafting the bill have been subject to an unprecedented degree of lobbying, overwhelmingly from the private sector and MEPs acting in its interests. A "strong" draft agreed by the European Parliament before the end of the legislative period in 2014 is currently held up in the Council of Ministers. The form the Regulation finally takes will determine European data protection arrangements for the private sector for the foreseeable future. 2) The decision of the European Court of Justice in April 2014 that overruled the EU's 2006 Data Retention Directive. Preparations are now underway for a new data retention directive. It remains to be seen how pressure from member states in favour of greater state surveillance powers – such as the UK, which in September 2014 flouted the ECJ ruling in order to pass its own "emergency" Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Bill – makes itself felt in the new directive. As opposed to the debate on the Data Protection Regulation, opposition to which comes from industry, this issue is essentially one of national sovereignty on security policy. 3) The ECJ's recognition of a "Right to be Forgotten" in May 2014. Many have claimed the RTBF clashes with freedom of speech and information, ranging from the liberal press and Wikipedia, to major aggregators such as Google with huge lobbying resources at their disposal. In practice, however, the RTBF has so far been brought to bear primarily on social media sites rather than media outlets with a clear public interest role. Nevertheless, concerns that the Internet companies are poorly suited to adjudicating on RTBF claims are well-founded. The draft Data Protection Regulation also contains guarantees of a right to be forgotten; that the RTBF develops in conformity with other informational rights will be crucial. 4) The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) negotiations between the EU and the US and the multilateral negotiations on the Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) that would replace the GATS agreement. As *Ralf Bendrath* <http://www.eurozine.com/authors/bendrath.html>, senior advisor to MEP Jan-Philipp Albrecht, explains in his *article* <http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2014-12-19-bendrath-en.html>, the EU has seen heavy pressure on Europe to relax its restrictions on data sharing with non-EU countries. Here, EU data protection arrangements have been criticized as illegal trade barriers, an argument that, were it to prevail, would mean the subordination of fundamental rights to economic interest. As the title of this focus suggests, to claim a right of privacy is to insist on a European value. This is not to say that privacy pertains to Europe alone, of course. Undoubtedly, rights of privacy are inseparable from a certain liberal tradition in Europe: one that has been hard fought and is by no means assured. Yet privacy is not a cultural given. Rather, it is an argument that needs to be put to power. If privacy standards can be legally established and defended in Europe, then those standards can be invoked worldwide. *Simon Garnett* <http://www.eurozine.com/authors/garnett.html>

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Paper: "Does Cheap Access Encourage Science? Evidence from the WWII Book Replication Program"
by J.C. DE MARTIN Jan. 7, 2015

Jan. 7, 2015

Does Cheap Access Encourage Science? Evidence from the WWII Book Replication Program Barbara Biasi <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=2189380> Stanford University - Department of Economics; Bocconi University Petra Moser <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=345952> Stanford University - Department of Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) December 26, 2014 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2542879 *Abstract: * Policies that reduce the costs of accessing prior knowledge (which is covered by copyrights) are becoming increasingly prominent, even though systematic empirical evidence on their effects continues to be scarce. This paper examines the effects of the 1942 Book Republication Program (BRP), which allowed US publishers to replicate science books that German publishers had copyrighted in the United States, on the production of new knowledge in mathematics and chemistry. Citations data indicate a dramatic increase in citations to BRP books after 1942 compared with Swiss books in the same fields. This increase is larger for BRP books that experienced a larger decline in price under the program. We also find that effects on citations are larger for disciplines in which knowledge production is less dependent on physical capital: Citations to BRP books increased substantially more for mathematics (which depends almost exclusively on human capital) than chemistry (which is more dependent on physical capital). *Number of Pages in PDF File:* 61 *Keywords:* Science, knowledge, human capital, cumulative invention, copyright, open access *JEL Classification:* J24, N32, O14, O31, O34 working papers series

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"The Emerging Science of Human-Data Interaction"
by J.C. DE MARTIN Jan. 7, 2015

Jan. 7, 2015

*The Emerging Science of Human-Data Interaction* The rapidly evolving ecosystems associated with personal data is creating an entirely new field of scientific study, say computer scientists. And this requires a much more powerful ethics-based infrastructure. […] Continua qui: http://www.technologyreview.com/view/533901/the-emerging-science-of-human-d…

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