April 2014 - nexa - server-nexa.polito.it

Re: [nexa] operazione trasparenza on line dei dati della banca dati dell'anagrafe dell'edilizia scolastica
by Simone Aliprandi April 22, 2014

April 22, 2014

La sentenza è in effetti interessante. E il caso fa riflettere su come il concetto di trasparenza non sia ben digerito dalla pubblica amministrazione... nemmeno quella di livello centrale/ministeriale. Ho scritto un breve commento qui: http://aliprandi.blogspot.it/2014/04/concetto-trasparenza-sentenza-tar.html Un caro saluto. -- Simone Aliprandi - http://www.aliprandi.org | http://www.array.eu

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20° Nexa Lunch Seminar - 23 aprile 2014
by Giuseppe Futia April 22, 2014

April 22, 2014

Se non visualizzi correttamente questo messaggio clicca qui <http://nexa.polito.it/lunch-20> NEXA 20° Nexa Lunch Seminar Mercoledi 23 aprile 2014, ore 13.00 - 14.00 Via Boggio 65/a, Torino (primo piano) http://nexa.polito.it/lunch-20 Criptovalute, questioni tecnologiche e implicazioni politiche Speakers Flavio Giobergia (già studente di Rivoluzione Digitale) e Marco Ciurcina (fellow Centro Nexa) This event will be webcast live: http://nexa.polito.it/upcoming-events "Una criptovaluta (o crittovaluta) è una valuta paritaria, decentralizzata digitale la cui implementazione si basa sui principi della crittografia per convalidare le transazioni e la generazione di moneta in sé" (fonte: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptovaluta) Il valore di Bitcoin <https://bitcoin.org/it/> e delle altre criptovalute attualmente in circolazione, inoltre, non viene regolato da alcuna autorità o banca centrale, determinando immancabilmente un mutamento nei rapporti tra Stati e cittadini. Per discutere tali questioni, in occasione del 20° Nexa Lunch Seminar, interverranno *Flavio Giobergia*, già studente del corso di Rivoluzione Digitale ed esperto di /Web security/, e *Marco Ciurcina*, avvocato e fellow del Centro Nexa su Internet & Società. Durante l'incontro verrà approfondito il funzionamento di Bitcoin (*modalità di pagamento*, *processo di mining* e *validazione delle transazioni*), discutendo le sue principali criticità (tempi di conferma delle transazioni e *mancanza di anonimato*), e l'impatto delle criptovalute sugli attuali assetti istituzionali (*sistemi monetario, finanziario e dei pagamenti*) in un contesto in cui, ad esempio, la Cina sta attuando politiche controverse in merito all'utilizzo di Bitcoin e gli Stati Uniti ritengono che debba essere tassato come una proprietà e non come una valuta. /Ingresso libero - Saranno disponibili panini e bibite per coloro che si saranno registrati su http://lunch20.eventbrite.com/ entro il 21 aprile./ Speakers - e informazioni supplementari [ciurcina giobergia] FLAVIO GIOBERGIA è studente di Ingegneria Informatica presso il Politecnico di Torino. È entrato in contatto con il Centro Nexa su Internet & Società grazie al corso "Rivoluzione Digitale" tenuto dal professor Juan Carlos De Martin e nell'estate 2014 si recherà al Berkman Center for Internet & Society della Harvard University per una /internship/. Da alcuni anni si occupa di programmazione a diversi livelli, ed ha lavorato nel settore della /Web security/ e del /reverse engineering/ nell'ambito di sistemi Linux. MARCO CIURCINA è avvocato e fellow del Centro Nexa su Internet & Società. Si occupa di diritto commerciale e contrattuale, diritto dell'Information Technology, copyright, brevetti e diritto dei marchi. E' docente di Diritto ed etica della comunicazione presso il Politecnico di Torino, ed è un attivista nel campo del software libero e delle libertà digitali. Maggiori informazioni sono disponibili all'indirizzo: http://nexa.polito.it/lunch-20 Letture consigliate e link utili: * Bitcoin.org <https://bitcoin.org/it/> * BitLegal.net <http://bitlegal.net/> * Craig K. Elwell, M. Maureen Murphy, Michael V. Seitzinger, /Bitcoin: Questions, Answers, and Analysis of Legal Issues <http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc272070/m1/1/high_res_d/R433…>/, Congressional Research Service, December 2013 * European Central Bank, /Virtual Currency Schemes/ <https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf>, October 2012 * Legality of Bitcoins by country <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_Bitcoins_by_country> - Wikipedia * Marco Ciurcina, /Lo gnomo Tiripago/ <http://studiolegale.it/old/files/tiripago_story_disegni.pdf>, 2011 * /Regulation of Bitcoin in Selected Jurisdictions/ <http://cdn1.sbnation.com/assets/3952017/2014-010233_Law_Library_of_Congress…>, The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, January 2014 Che cosa sono il Centro Nexa e i cicli di incontri "Mercoledì di Nexa" e "Nexa Lunch Seminar" Il Centro Nexa su Internet & Società del Politecnico di Torino (Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica) è un centro di ricerca indipendente che studia da diversi punti di vista le varie componenti di Internet, la "più grande invenzione del secolo" (Rita Levi Montalcini), e il suo effetto sulla società. Maggiori informazioni all'indirizzo: http://nexa.polito.it. Durante i "*Mercoledì di Nexa*", che si tengono *ogni 2° mercoledì del mese* alle *ore 18 in punto*, il Centro di ricerca Nexa su Internet e Società apre le sue porte non solo agli esperti e a tutti coloro i quali lavorano con Internet, ma anche a semplici appassionati e cittadini. Il ciclo di incontri intende approfondire, con un linguaggio preciso ma divulgativo, i temi legati alla Rete: motori di ricerca, Creative Commons, social networks, open source/software libero, neutralità della rete, libertà di espressione, privacy, file sharing, big e open data, smart cities e molto altro. Al centro di quasi tutti gli incontri un ospite pronto a dialogare e confrontarsi sugli argomenti scelti per il dibattito, insieme con i direttori del Centro Nexa, il Prof. Juan Carlos De Martin del Politecnico di Torino e il Prof. Marco Ricolfi dell'Università di Torino, nonché lo staff e i Fellows del Centro Nexa. Maggiori informazioni sui Mercoledì di Nexa, incluso un elenco di tutti i "Mercoledì" passati, sono disponibili all'indirizzo: http://nexa.polito.it/mercoledi. Si segnala inoltre che dal maggio 2012 *ogni 4° mercoledì* del mese *dalle ore 13 alle ore 14* il Centro Nexa organizza anche i "*Nexa Lunch Seminar*". Una lista di tutti i "Lunch Seminar" passati è disponibile all'indirizzo: http://nexa.polito.it/lunch-seminars. See our events calendar <http://nexa.polito.it/events> if you're curious about future luncheons, discussions, lectures, and conferences not listed in this email. Our events are free and open to the public, unless otherwise noted. Maggiori informazioni sui Nexa Lunch Seminar e i Mercoledì di Nexa, sono disponibili all'indirizzo: http://nexa.polito.it/events. Weekly Events Newsletter. Sign up <http://nexa.polito.it/mailing-lists> to receive this newsletter if this email was forwarded to you. To manage your subscription preferences, please click here <https://server-nexa.polito.it/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/nexa>. Connect & get involved: Jobs, internships, and more <http://nexa.polito.it/get-involved> Nexa Center for Internet and Society Newsletter

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Internet Governance Transparency Initiative
by Fabio Pietrosanti (naif) April 20, 2014

April 20, 2014

Internet Governance Transparency Initiative, interessante iniziativa di cui siamo venuti a conoscenza quest'oggi. Usano GlobaLeaks per fare Whistleblowing Solicitation negoziazioni e discussioni a NetMundial. Estratto da https://k52lcjc5fws3jbqf.onion.to/ : "T his is an anonymous publishing site for leaked Internet Governance related documents. Several diplomatic processes are currently underway to decide key questions on Internet Governance, which means: the future of our rights to access an free and open Internet is being decided in these international negotiations. Many documents can be found on the websites of the organizations centralizing theses processes: NetMundial <http://www.netmundial.br>, IANA transition <https://www.ICANN.org>, ITU Plenipotentiary <http://www.ICANN.org>, WSIS+10 <http://www.UNGIS.org>. But not all documents are made available to the public. Particularly those under negotiation. We believe full transparency is a fundamental value for democratic processes and informed decision making. If you share these values and are in the possession of unpublished documents connected to these negotiations, you can drop them here. We will publish source document that are relevant for current internet governance events. This means we will publish theories, analysis or allegations that are not substantiated by facts." Funzionerà? -- Fabio Pietrosanti (naif) HERMES - Center for Transparency and Digital Human Rights http://logioshermes.org - http://globaleaks.org - http://tor2web.org

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Cosa faranno gli access?
by Blengino April 19, 2014

April 19, 2014

Con grande correttezza, AGCOM sembrerebbe pubblicare sul suo sito (non quello dedicato www.ddaonline.it , ma su www.agcom.it ) tutti (almeno così dobbiamo pensare e supporre) gli atti di avvio del procedimento in relazione alle richieste di rimozione avanzate sul sito ddaonline. Questa, apparentemente la 29esima dal numero di protocollo, mi pare molto significativa: http://www.agcom.it/Default.aspx?message=visualizzadocument <http://www.agcom.it/Default.aspx?message=visualizzadocument&DocID=13065> &DocID=13065 Il sito è questa roba qua: http://www.torrentdownload.ws/help is not a torrent cache, torrent tracker nor a torrent search engine. Sul motore sono rintracciabili, oltre condivisioni illecite, decine di contenuti leciti, rilasciati in CC o roba molto vecchia, oltre a software libero. E un meta motore su file torrent. Il fatto che il regolamento al comma 3 dellart.2 Finalità e ambito di applicazione espressamente affermasse <<Il presente regolamento non si riferisce agli utenti finali che fruiscono di opere digitali in modalità downloading o streaming, nonché alle applicazioni e ai programmi per elaboratore attraverso i quali si realizza la condivisione diretta tra utenti finali di opere digitali attraverso reti di comunicazione elettronica.>> è particolare poco significativo, e questo già si era capito! Sullillegalità delle condivisioni segnalate da FIMI non si discute, ma come faranno i fornitori di accesso a bloccare i singoli contenuti? Bloccheranno tutto il sito, per cui io, il film RIP: A REMIX MANIFESTO reperibile legittimamente sul motore non potrò più trovarlo? Faranno DPI per bloccare solo quelle pagine? E cosa farà AGCOM? (su questo punto ho meno dubbi) Me lo chiedo, perché i nodi poi vengono al pettine. Forse dobbiamo far qualcosa. Carlo

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Berkman Center announces leadership transition
by J.C. DE MARTIN April 19, 2014

April 19, 2014

Berkman Center announces leadership transition April 18, 2014 URL: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/9116 The Berkman Center for Internet & Society has announced a significant leadership transition as Professor William (Terry) Fisher steps down after 12 years as Chair of the Board of Directors and Professor Jonathan Zittrain, the co-founder of the Berkman Center and Vice Dean for Library and Information Resources at Harvard Law School, assumes the role. The change will be effective as of July 1, 2014. Said Harvard University Provost Alan M. Garber: "Under Terry Fisher's extraordinary leadership, the Berkman Center has become known as the home of some of the most penetrating thinking about how we interact with cyberspace and how it can be developed to serve society better. We are indebted to him for nurturing and helping to shape this unique resource for Harvard and the world. Jonathan Zittrain is a most worthy successor. Long a pillar of the Berkman community, he has the intellect, breadth of interests, creativity, and dedication to ensure that the center will remain vital - indeed, indispensable - at a time when the Internet is woven into more and more aspects of our lives." Said HLS Dean Martha Minow: "Terry Fisher's stellar leadership has ensured the Berkman Center's vibrant collaborations across disciplines, sectors, and geographies, while also providing an unerring commitment to combining creativity with a focus on the opportunities and challenges afforded by cyberspace and the communities and communication it enables. I join with the Provost and Directors in delight that Jonathan Zittrain will take up the role of chair. As one of the co-founders of the Center and as a fount of superb ideas, Jonathan brings deep knowledge and innovative spirit to this extraordinary effort." Urs Gasser, the Berkman Center's Executive Director and a Professor of Practice at HLS, said, "The Berkman Center team is deeply grateful for all that Terry Fisher has contributed to the Center and the community during his extraordinary tenure, and wishes him a truly well deserved and restful sabbatical in 2014-2015. Recognized as a visionary here at Berkman and around the world, Jonathan Zittrain will continue to inspire and delight the community and help deepen our national and international network of partners across all sectors." He noted that Zittrain's faculty appointments with the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and the Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government will further strengthen the Center's collaborations across Campus. Terry Fisher has led the Berkman Center since 2002, helping to shape it during a period of maturation and expansion. Under his guidance, the Center has grown from a small research unit at Harvard Law School into a University-wide Center and a world-renowned community of scholars and activists, engaged in rigorous research and socially responsible innovation. He navigated the Center through the lean times of the fiscal crisis and oversaw the successful incubation of numerous projects and initiatives that have changed the landscape of academic inquiry pertaining to information technology. Zittrain's transition to the position of Faculty Chair represents both momentum and re-commitment to the ethos and spirit in which he co-founded the Berkman Center with Charlie Nesson in 1997. Professor Zittrain's commitment to and passion for the development of innovative research and teaching programs will continue to infuse the Center's direction and activities, building on the strong foundation and programs that flourished under Terry Fisher's leadership, said Dean Minow. As the Berkman Center's principal governing body, the Board of Directors shapes the Berkman Center's overall vision and makes significant financial, research, academic, personnel, governance, and other overarching strategic decisions. Terry Fisher remains a member of the Board, joined by Professors Yochai Benkler, Susan Crawford, John Deighton, Charles Nesson, Felix Oberholzer-Gee, John Palfrey, Jeffrey Schnapp, Stuart Shieber, and Mark Wu. Board member Urs Gasser continues as Executive Director, leading implementation of the vision and objectives set forth by the Board. Links * Harvard Law School announcement <http://today.law.harvard.edu/berkman-center-announces-leadership-transition/>

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PI: "Sicurezza, codice FOSS batte codice proprietario"
by J.C. DE MARTIN April 18, 2014

April 18, 2014

*Sicurezza, codice FOSS batte codice proprietario* /Il nuovo rapporto Coverity rileva che il codice sorgente dei progetti open source fa meglio, in quanto a numero di bug, del codice adottato dal software proprietario// / venerdì 18 aprile 2014 di Alfonso Maruccia Roma - Coverity ha rilasciato l'edizione 2013 del suo celebre rapporto <http://punto-informatico.it/cerca.aspx?s=coverity&t=4> sulla qualità del codice sorgente, sfida che si gioca tra i software creati nell'ambito della community open source e quelli proprietari realizzati da aziende o sviluppatori individuali. Prendendo in esame oltre 750 milioni di linee di codice di software FOSS e proprietario scritto in C/C++ (oltre ai 50 progetti Java più attivi), l'edizione 2013 del Coverity Scan Report <http://softwareintegrity.coverity.com/register-for-scan-report-2013.html> ha prima di tutto rilevato che i progetti open source hanno una densità di difetti media di 0,59 bug per 1.000 linee di codice contro lo 0,72 dei software proprietari. [...] Continua qui: http://punto-informatico.it/4034815/PI/News/sicurezza-codice-foss-batte-cod…

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Authors Guild: "The Anti-Google Mass Book Digitization Campaign Goes Global"
by J.C. DE MARTIN April 18, 2014

April 18, 2014

The Anti-Google Mass Book Digitization Campaign Goes Global Posted April 16, 2014 <http://www.authorsguild.org/advocacy/the-anti-google-mass-book-digitization…> /Authors Malcolm Gladwell, J.M. Coetzee, Michael Pollan, Margaret Atwood, Peter Carey Support Lawsuit Against Google's Theft of Books Through Digitization/ New York, NY- Prize-winning authors, international rights organizations, and legal experts Monday joined the Authors Guild in fighting what they call Google's dangerous and unprecedented violation of copyright law. They filed eight stinging friend-of-the-court briefs in support of the Guild's appeal in /Authors Guild v. Google/, agreeing that Judge Denny Chin's decision in the case should be overturned. The briefs can be viewed in their entirety at the end of this blog post. "Google's ambitions respected no borders," said Authors Guild president Roxana Robinson. "Millions of copyrighted books by authors from every major country were swept in to Google's scheme. As the new filings demonstrate, not just authors but also photographers, visual artists, songwriters, and publishers around the world find it particularly galling that a wealthy American company would try to find a way to use their creations for free." [...] Continua qui: http://www.authorsguild.org/advocacy/the-anti-google-mass-book-digitization…

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Tim Wu: "LITTLE LIES THE INTERNET TOLD ME"
by J.C. DE MARTIN April 18, 2014

April 18, 2014

APRIL 17, 2014 LITTLE LIES THE INTERNET TOLD ME POSTED BYTIM WU <http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/tim_wu/search?contributorName=Tim%20…> * Everyone knows about the big Internet scams: the e-mails advertising diet pills, the proposed Nigerian bank transfers. But we tend to overlook the milder forms of truth-stretching that have come to shape online living, and it's hard not to. They're often perpetuated by big and reputable companies, like Apple, Seamless, and Amazon. Take search. General search sites, like Google and Bing, are pretty straightforward: you type in a query and get results ranked by some measure of relevance; you also see clearly marked advertisements. This experience tends to shape our expectation that searches deliver relevant results. But the same search on sites like Amazon or Seamless turns up not only relevant results but disguised advertisements, as well. As George Packer recently wrote in the magazine, "Few customers realize that the results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees." GrubHub Seamless, the merged food-delivery engine, recently revealed in an S.E.C. filing that "restaurants can choose their level of commission rate ... to affect their relative priority in sorting algorithms, with restaurants paying higher commission rates generally appearing higher in the search order than restaurants paying lower commission rates." [...] Continua qui: http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2014/04/little-lies-the-inte…

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gli autori SIAE devono pagare per promuovere le proprie opere sui propri siti
by Simone Aliprandi April 17, 2014

April 17, 2014

Ha creato abbastanza scalpore la notizia (che ho diffuso questa mattina attraverso i miei canali social) sul fatto che gli autori SIAE devono fare un versamento all'ente per promuovere le proprie opere sul proprio sito. In compenso, sul sito SIAE, si precisa che... il MAV non ha alcuna spesa bancaria aggiuntiva. No, non è un pesce d'aprile. http://lasiae.blogspot.com/2014/04/autori-siae-pagano-diffondere-proprie-op… Un caro saluto. -- Simone Aliprandi - http://www.aliprandi.org | http://www.array.eu

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Council of Europe: "Guide to human rights for Internet users"
by J.C. DE MARTIN April 17, 2014

April 17, 2014

URL: https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=2184807&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3… *Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)6 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on a Guide to human rights for Internet users* /(Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 16 April 2014 at the 1197th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)/ 1. Council of Europe member States have the obligation to secure for everyone within their jurisdiction the human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights (ETS No. 5, the Convention). This obligation is also valid in the context of Internet use. Other Council of Europe conventions and instruments, which deal with the protection of the right to freedom of expression, access to information, the right to freedom of assembly, protection from cybercrime and of the right to private life and to the protection of personal data, are also applicable. 2. The obligations of States to respect, protect and promote human rights include the oversight of private companies. Human rights, which are universal and indivisible, and related standards, prevail over the general terms and conditions imposed on Internet users by any private sector actor. 3. The Internet has a public service value. People, communities, public authorities and private entities rely on the Internet for their activities and have a legitimate expectation that its services are accessible, provided without discrimination, affordable, secure, reliable and ongoing. Furthermore, no one should be subjected to unlawful, unnecessary or disproportionate interference with the exercise of their human rights and fundamental freedoms when using the Internet. 4. Users should receive support to understand and effectively exercise their human rights online when their rights and freedoms have been restricted or interfered with. This support should include guidance on access to effective remedies. In light of the opportunities that the Internet provides for transparency and accountability in the conduct of public affairs, users should be empowered to use the Internet to participate in democratic life. 5. To ensure that existing human rights and fundamental freedoms apply equally offline and online, the Committee of Ministers recommends under the terms of Article 15./b/ of the Statute of the Council of Europe that member States: 5.1. actively promote the Guide to human rights for Internet users, as set out in the Appendix, among citizens, public authorities and private sector actors and take specific action regarding its application in order to enable users to fully exercise their human rights and fundamental freedoms online; 5.2. assess, regularly review and, as appropriate, remove restrictions regarding the exercise of rights and freedoms on the Internet, especially when they are not in conformity with the Convention in the light of the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Any restriction must be prescribed by law, necessary in a democratic society to pursue a legitimate aim and proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued; 5.3. ensure that Internet users have access to effective remedies when their rights and freedoms have been restricted or when they believe that their rights have been violated. This requires enhancing co-ordination and co-operation among relevant institutions, entities and communities. It also necessitates the engagement of and effective co-operation with private sector actors and civil society organisations. Depending on the national context, this may include redress mechanisms such as those provided by data protection authorities, national human rights institutions (such as ombudspersons), court procedures and hotlines; 5.4. promote co-ordination with other State and non-State actors, within and beyond the Council of Europe, with regard to the standards and procedures which have an impact on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms on the Internet; 5.5. encourage the private sector to engage in genuine dialogue with relevant State authorities and civil society in the exercise of their corporate social responsibility, in particular their transparency and accountability, in line with the "Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: implementing the United Nations 'Protect, Respect and Remedy' Framework". The private sector should also be encouraged to contribute to the dissemination of the guide; 5.6. encourage civil society to support the dissemination and application of the guide so that it provides an effective tool for Internet users. /Appendix to Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)6/ *Introduction* 1. This guide is a tool for you, the Internet user, to learn about your human rights online, their possible limitations, and available remedies for such limitations. Human rights and fundamental freedoms apply equally offline and online. This principle includes respect for the rights and freedoms of other Internet users. The guide provides you with information about what rights and freedoms mean in practice in the context of the Internet, how they can be relied and acted upon, as well as how to access remedies. It is an evolving document, open to periodic updating. 2. This guide is based on the European Convention on Human Rights and other Council of Europe conventions and instruments that deal with various aspects of human rights protection. All Council of Europe member States have a duty to respect, protect and fulfil the rights and freedoms contained in the instruments that they have ratified. The guide is also inspired by the continuous interpretation of these rights and freedoms by the European Court of Human Rights and by other relevant legal instruments of the Council of Europe. 3. The guide does not establish new human rights and fundamental freedoms. It builds on existing human rights standards and enforcement mechanisms.^1 <https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=2184807&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3…> *Access and non-discrimination* 1. Access to the Internet is an important means for you to exercise your rights and freedoms and to participate in democracy. You should therefore not be disconnected from the Internet against your will, except when it is decided by a court. In certain cases, contractual arrangements may also lead to discontinuation of service but this should be a measure of last resort. 2. Your access should be affordable and non-discriminatory. You should have the greatest possible access to Internet content, applications and services using the devices of your choice. 3. You should expect public authorities to make reasonable efforts and to take specific measures to facilitate your access to the Internet if you live in rural and geographically remote areas, are on a low income and/or have special needs or disabilities. 4. In your interactions with public authorities, Internet service providers and providers of online content and services, or with other users or groups of users, you must not be discriminated against on any grounds such as gender, race, colour, language, religion or belief, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status, including ethnicity, age or sexual orientation. *Freedom of expression and information* You have the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of your choice, without interference and regardless of frontiers. This means: 1. you have the freedom to express yourself online and to access information and the opinions and expressions of others. This includes political speech, views on religion, opinions and expressions that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive, but also those that may offend, shock or disturb others. You should have due regard to the reputation or rights of others, including their right to privacy; 2. restrictions may apply to expressions which incite discrimination, hatred or violence. These restrictions must be lawful, narrowly tailored and executed with court oversight; 3. you are free to create, re-use and distribute content respecting the right to protection of intellectual property, including copyright; 4. public authorities have a duty to respect and protect your freedom of expression and your freedom of information. Any restrictions to this freedom must not be arbitrary, must pursue a legitimate aim in accordance with the European Convention on Human Rights such as, among others, the protection of national security or public order, public health or morals, and must comply with human rights law. Moreover, they must be made known to you, coupled with information on ways to seek guidance and redress, and not be broader or maintained for longer than is strictly necessary to achieve a legitimate aim; 5. your Internet service provider and your provider of online content and services have corporate responsibilities to respect your human rights and provide mechanisms to respond to your claims. You should be aware, however, that online service providers, such as social networks, may restrict certain types of content and behaviour due to their content policies. You should be informed of possible restrictions so that you are able to take an informed decision as to whether to use the service or not. This includes specific information on what the online service provider considers as illegal or inappropriate content and behaviour when using the service and how it is dealt with by the provider; 6. you may choose not to disclose your identity online, for instance by using a pseudonym. However, you should be aware that measures can be taken, by national authorities, which might lead to your identity being revealed. *Assembly, association and participation* You have the right to peacefully assemble and associate with others using the Internet. In practice, this means: 1. you have the freedom to choose any website, application or other service in order to form, join, mobilise and participate in social groups and assemblies whether or not they are formally recognised by public authorities. You should also be able to use the Internet to exercise your right to form and join trade unions; 2. you have the right to protest peacefully online. However, you should be aware that, if your online protest leads to blockages, the disruption of services and/or damage to the property of others, you may face legal consequences; 3. you have the freedom to use available online tools to participate in local, national and global public policy debates, legislative initiatives and public scrutiny of decision-making processes, including the right to sign petitions and to participate in policy making relating to how the Internet is governed. *Privacy and data protection* You have the right to private and family life on the Internet which includes the protection of your personal data and respect for the confidentiality of your correspondence and communications. This means: 1. you should be aware that, in using the Internet your personal data is regularly processed. This happens when you use services such as browsers, e-mail, instant messages, voice-over Internet protocols, social networks and search engines and cloud data storage services; 2. public authorities and private companies have an obligation to respect specific rules and procedures when they process your personal data; 3. your personal data should only be processed when laid down by law or when you have consented to it. You should be informed of what personal data are processed and/or transferred to third parties, when, by whom and for what purpose. Generally, you should be able to exercise control over your personal data (check its accuracy, request a correction, a deletion or that personal data is kept for no longer than necessary); 4. you must not be subjected to general surveillance or interception measures. In exceptional circumstances, which are prescribed by law, your privacy with regard to your personal data may be interfered with, such as for a criminal investigation. Accessible, clear and precise information about the relevant law or policy and your rights in this regard should be made available to you; 5. your privacy must also be respected in the workplace. This includes the confidentiality of your private online correspondence and communications. Your employer must inform you of any surveillance and/or monitoring carried out; 6. you can be assisted by data protection authorities, which exist in a vast majority of European countries, to ensure that data protection laws and principles are upheld. *Education and literacy* You have the right to education, including access to knowledge. This means: 1. you should have online access to education and to cultural, scientific, scholarly and other content in official languages. Conditions might apply to such access in order to remunerate rights' holders for their work. You should also be able to freely access publicly funded research and cultural works in the public domain on the Internet, where available; 2. as part of Internet and media literacy you should have access to digital education and knowledge in order to exercise your rights and freedoms on the Internet. This includes skills to understand, use, and work with a broad range of Internet tools. This should enable you to critically analyse the accuracy and trustworthiness of content, applications and services that you access or wish to access. *Children and young people * As a child or young person, you have all the rights and freedoms outlined in this guide. In particular, because of your age, you are entitled to special protection and guidance when using the Internet. This means: 1. you have the right to freely express your views and participate in society, to be heard and to contribute to decision making on matters affecting you. Your views must be given due weight in accordance with your age and maturity and without discrimination; 2. you can expect to receive information in a language appropriate for your age and training from your teachers, educators and parents or guardians about safe use of the Internet, including about how to preserve your privacy; 3. you should be aware that content you create on the Internet or content concerning you created by other Internet users may be accessible worldwide and could compromise your dignity, security and privacy or be otherwise detrimental to you or your rights now or at a later stage in your life. Upon your request, this should be removed or deleted within a reasonably short period of time; 4. you can expect clear information about online content and behaviour that is illegal (for example online harassment) as well as the possibility to report alleged illegal content. This information should be adapted to your age and circumstances and you should be provided with advice and support with due respect for your confidentiality and anonymity; 5. you should be afforded special protection from interference with your physical, mental and moral welfare, in particular regarding sexual exploitation and abuse on the Internet and other forms of cybercrime. In particular, you have the right to education to protect yourself from such threats. *Effective remedies* 1. You have the right to an effective remedy when your human rights and fundamental freedoms are restricted or violated. To obtain a remedy, you should not necessarily have to pursue legal action straight away. The avenues for seeking remedies should be available, known, accessible, affordable and capable of providing appropriate redress. Effective remedies can be obtained directly from Internet service providers, public authorities and/or national human rights institutions. Effective remedies can -- depending on the violation in question -- include inquiry, explanation, reply, correction, apology, reinstatement, reconnection and compensation. In practice, this means: 1.1. your Internet service provider, providers of access to online content and services, or other company and/or public authority should inform you about your rights, freedoms and possible remedies and how to obtain them. This includes easily accessible information on how to report and complain about interferences with your rights and how to seek redress; 1.2. additional information and guidance should be made available from public authorities, national human rights institutions (such as ombudspersons), data protection authorities, citizens' advice offices, human rights or digital rights associations or consumer organisations; 1.3. national authorities have an obligation to protect you from criminal activity or criminal offences committed on or using the Internet, in particular when this concerns illegal access, interference, forgery or other fraudulent manipulation of your digital identity, computer and data contained therein. The relevant law-enforcement authorities have an obligation to investigate and take appropriate action, including seeking sanctions, if you complain of damage to, or interference with, your personal identity and your property online. 2. In the determination of your rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against you with regard to the Internet: 2.1. you have the right to a fair trial within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial court; 2.2. you have the right to an individual application to the European Court of Human Rights after exhausting all available domestic remedies. ^1 <https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=2184807&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3…> This guide is part of a recommendation adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the 47 member States of the Council of Europe. More detailed information explaining the guide can be found in the explanatory memorandum to the recommendation.

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