Per chi fosse interessato alle modalità di finanziamendo dell'ICANN, ecco un estratto di un mio articolo pubblicato a maggio da La Revue Administrative. Buon pomeriggio "Le financement de l’ICANN Depuis ses origines, l’ICANN s’est considérablement développée en passant d’un budget d’environ 5 million de dollars en 2000 à 65,5 millions de dollars en 2011. La quasi-totalité de son financement (plus de 90 %) provient des frais d’enregistrement versés par les sujets attachés à l’ICANN. Ainsi, aux termes du budget de l’exercice fiscal de 2011 (concernant la période du 1er juillet 2010 au 30 juin 2011) de l’ICANN « les ressources de financement des activités opérationnelles de l’ICANN proviennent principalement des frais de transaction des titulaires de noms de domaine et sont versées à l’ICANN par le biais des registres génériques et bureaux d’enregistrement qui sont accrédités par et sous contrat avec l’ICANN » 30. En premier lieu, les registres de noms de domaine génériques de premier niveau sont contraints à verser des frais à l’ICANN en raison des contrats subsistants. Ainsi, selon les accords en vigueur entre l’ICANN et les registres, ces derniers sont tenus de payer des frais fixes et des frais basés sur les transactions. En deuxième lieu, l’Accord d’accréditation des bureaux d’enregistrement (Registrar Accreditation Agreement ou RAA) prévoit que ces derniers « doivent s’acquitter auprès de l’ICANN des frais » 31 dont le montant est établi annuellement par le Conseil d’administration. Ces frais peuvent être reconduits en quatre catégories différentes : frais de demande, frais annuels d’accréditation, frais variables par bureau d’enregistrement, frais par transaction 32. Les registres Internet régionaux (RIR) et les registres de noms de domaine de premier niveau de code pays (ccTLD) participent également au financement de l’ICANN. Ainsi tous les registres soutiennent-ils financièrement l’ICANN par le biais d’une contribution annuelle, dont les critères de détermination sont délinéés dans les contrats qui règlent leurs rapports avec l’ICANN. De plus, en novembre 2009, l’ICANN a lancé le programme de procédure accélérée ccTLD IDN (fast track 33) qui permet aux pays intéressés de demander une nouvelle extension d’international domain names. Les pays qui requirent la susdite procédure doivent s’acquitter des frais de traitement : ce nouveau processus constitue donc une nouvelle source de financement de l’ICANN. Enfin, un pourcentage du budget de l’ICANN est constitué des sommes mises à disposition par les sponsors des conférences et par les intérêts produits par les capitaux constituant le fonds de roulement. Ces derniers capitaux augmentent considérablement au fil des années, car l’ICANN épargne annuellement une somme comprise entre 5 % et 10 % de son revenu." Titre L'ICANN et son administration globale de l'Internet Auteur Belli L. Revue La Revue administrative Numéro no 381, mai-juin 2011 Rubrique/Thématique Doctrine et information générale Page 249 Luca Belli Doctorant en Droit Public PRES Sorbonne Universités; Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris 2 Membre du CERSA-CNRS http://www.cersa.cnrs.fr/spip.php%3Farticle1387.html Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2011 14:58:56 +0200 From: demartin@polito.it To: nexa@server-nexa.polito.it Subject: Re: [nexa] Fwd: [IP] Fwd: Dyson: What’s in a Domain Name? Probabile che la Dyson lo desse per scontato, ma in effetti avrebbe fatto bene a ricordarlo. Ciao juan carlos On 29/08/11 14:38, Andrea Glorioso wrote: Quello che l'articolo non dice (se non ho letto troppo velocemente) e` che la quasi totalita` delle entrate di ICANN provengono dai registry (le organizzazioni che operano i top-level domain come .com, .org etc, nonche` i nuovi top-level domain) e dai registrar (le organizzazioni che "vendono" domini di secondo livello, come slate.com e ausefuladdress.underanewtopleveldomain). Si veda https://charts.icann.org/public/index-finance-fy11.html. Ciao, Andrea On Mon, Aug 29, 2011 at 1:41 PM, J.C. DE MARTIN <demartin@polito.it> wrote: Esther Dyson in merito alla recente decisione di ICANN di accettare proposte per nuovi TLD (argomento su cui si era soffermato, oltre al resto, Stefano Trumpy nel corso dell'ultimo "mercoledi' di NEXA" di prima della pausa estiva [1]). Sottotitolo della versione apparsa su Slate (http://www.slate.com/id/2302414/): "A new Web address system will confuse users and cost business, but Internet bureaucrats like it." juan carlos [1] http://nexa.polito.it/mercoledi-33 -------- Original Message -------- Subject: [IP] Fwd: Dyson: What’s in a Domain Name? Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2011 08:33:56 -0400 From: DAVID FARBER <dave@farber.net> Reply-To: dave@farber.net To: ip <ip@listbox.com> Begin forwarded message: From: Richard Forno <rforno@infowarrior.org> Date: August 25, 2011 7:32:16 AM EDT To: Infowarrior List <infowarrior@attrition.org> Cc: Dave Farber <dave@farber.net> Subject: Dyson: What’s in a Domain Name? What’s in a Domain Name? Esther Dyson http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/dyson35/English NEW YORK – A name is just a sound or sequence of letters. It carries no value or meaning other than as a pointer to something in people's minds – a concept, a person, a brand, or a particular thing or individual. In modern economies, people distinguish between generic words, which refer to concepts or a set of individual things (a certain kind of fruit, for example), and trademarks, which refer to specific goods or services around which someone has built value. By law, actual words can’t be trademarks, but specific arrangements of words – such as Evernote or Apple Computer – can be protected. The Internet’s domain-name system (DNS) was formalized in the late 1990’s by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). I was ICANN’s founding chairman, and we more or less followed the rules of trademarks, with an overlay of “first come, first served.” If you could show that you owned a trademark, you could get the “.com” domain for that name, unless someone else with a similar claim had gotten there first. (The whole story is more complex, but too long to go into here.) Our mission was to create competition for Network Solutions, the monopoly player at the time, but we did so only in part. Network Solutions retained control of the .com registry, whereas we created a competitive market for the reseller business whereby registrars sold names directly to users. Now ICANN is taking a different tack, allowing for a dramatic expansion of the namespace with a host of new Top-Level Domains (TLDs), the suffixes that go after the dot, such as .com, .org, and, soon, .anything. The problem is that expanding the namespace – allowing anyone to register a new TLD such as .apple – doesn’t actually create any new value. The value is in people’s heads – in the meanings of the words and the brand associations – not in the expanded namespace. In fact, the new approach carves up the namespace: the value formerly associated with Apple could now be divided into Apple.computers, apple.phone, ipod.apple, and so on. If this sounds confusing, that is because it is. Handling the profusion of names and TLDs is a relatively simple problem for a computer, even though it will require extra work to redirect hundreds of new names (when someone types them in) back to the same old Web site. It will also create lots of work for lawyers, marketers of search-engine optimization, registries, and registrars. All of this will create jobs, but little extra value. To me, useless jobs are, well, useless. And, while redundant domain names are not evil, I do think that they are a waste of resources. Imagine you own a patch of land and have made it valuable through careful farming practices – good seeds, irrigation, fertilizers, and bees to pollinate the crops. But now someone comes along and says, “We will divide your land into smaller parcels and charge you to protect each of them.” Coca-Cola is that farmer. It and other trademark holders are now implicitly being asked to register Coca-Cola in each new TLD – as well as to buy its own new TLDs. Otherwise, someone else may create and register those new TLDs. ICANN’s registrars are already offering services to do this for companies, at a cost of thousands of dollars for a portfolio of trademarks. That just strikes me as a protection racket. The problem is not the shortage of space in the field of all possible names, but the subdivision of space in Coca-Cola’s cultivated namespace. The only shortage is a shortage of space in people’s heads. The issues are slightly different when it comes to “generic” TLDs, such as .green. I recently had a Twitter conversation with Annalisa Roger, founder of DotGreen.org, who told me about the value her group will be adding to .green: marketing, brand identity, raising money for NGOs. But I couldn’t help wondering why she can’t just add the same value to DotGreen.org. Instead, she will have to start with a $185,000 application fee to ICANN, and spend thousands more on lawyers to study and fill in application forms. Of course, you could argue that “green” already has quite a bit of value – as a generic term that stands for something. Indeed, it makes me slightly uncomfortable that ICANN can claim control of it in order to sell it to someone. Suppose, for example, that a cheese maker buys .cheese (as was suggested by one person at a new-TLD meeting recently) and uses it to favor only its own brands? Proponents argue that more TLDs would foster innovation. But the real innovation has been in companies such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and Foursquare, which are creating their own new namespaces rather than hijacking the DNS. Indeed, when ICANN started more than ten years ago, we were accused of commercializing the Internet. In fact, we were building an orderly market, setting policies for how much registries could charge, fostering competition among registrars, and making sure that we served the public interest. Unfortunately, we failed to deliver on that promise. Most of the people active in setting ICANN’s policies are involved somehow in the domain-name business, and they would be in control of the new TLDs as well. It’s worth it to them to spend their time at ICANN meetings (or to send staffers), whereas domain names are just a small part of customers’ and user’ lives. And that means that the new TLDs are likely to create money for ICANN’s primary constituents, but only add costs and confusion for companies and the public at large. Of course, if I am right, the DNS will lose its value over time, and most people will get to Web sites and content via social networks and apps, or via Google (or whatever supersedes it in the competitive marketplace). The bad news is that there could well be much superfluous expense and effort in the meantime. Esther Dyson, CEO of EDventure Holdings, is an active investor in a variety of start-ups around the world. Her interests include information technology, health care, private aviation, and space travel. 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