[nexa] R: R: R: ‘Biggest act of copyright theft in history’: thousands of Australian books allegedly used to train AI model | Australia news | The Guardian

Sept. 29, 2023

      Sul presupposto che cmq ricorra <riproduzione>, sarebbe  difficile individuare (in UE) un'eccezione.
Non invocabile direi l'art. 4 dir. Copyright 790 :
≪Articolo 4   Eccezioni o limitazioni ai fini dell'estrazione di testo e di dati

1.   Gli Stati membri dispongono un'eccezione o una limitazione ai diritti di cui all'articolo 5, lettera a), e all'articolo 7, paragrafo 1, della direttiva 96/9/CE, all'articolo 2 della direttiva 2001/29/CE, all'articolo 4, paragrafo 1, lettere a) e b), della direttiva 2009/24/CE e all'articolo 15, paragrafo 1, della presente direttiva per le riproduzioni e le estrazioni effettuate da opere o altri materiali cui si abbia legalmente accesso ai fini dell'estrazione di testo e di dati.

2.   Le riproduzioni e le estrazioni effettuate a norma del paragrafo 1 possono essere conservate per il tempo necessario ai fini dell'estrazione di testo e di dati.

3.   L'eccezione o la limitazione di cui al paragrafo 1 si applica a condizione che l'utilizzo delle opere e di altri materiali di cui a tale paragrafo non sia stato espressamente riservato dai titolari dei diritti in modo appropriato, ad esempio attraverso strumenti che consentano lettura automatizzata in caso di contenuti resi pubblicamente disponibili online.

4.   Il presente articolo non pregiudica l'applicazione dell'articolo 3 della presente direttiva≫.

Non so in usa (fair use, che ha ambito applicativo alquanto vasto?)
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-----Messaggio originale-----
Da: Stefano Quintarelli <stefano@quintarelli.it>
Inviato: venerdì 29 settembre 2023 17:08
A: Lorenzo Albertini <lorenzoalbertini.vr@gmail.com>; 'Nexa' <nexa@server-
nexa.polito.it>
Oggetto: Re: [nexa] R: R: ‘Biggest act of copyright theft in history’: thousands
of Australian books allegedly used to train AI model | Australia news | The
Guardian
grazie
ma il punto focale del mio quesito non e' il training ma, prima del training, la
genesi dei testi usati per il training
ciao, s.
On 29/09/23 16:36, Lorenzo Albertini wrote:
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§§ 54-64della citazione in giudizio (facilmente reperibile ,_ad es.
qui_<https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd= <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiD...> 
&ved=2ahUKEwiDh_vygtCBAxX4SPEDHZlhAxMQFnoECBYQAQ&url=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.classaction.org%2Fmedia%2Fauthors-guild-et-al-v-openai-inc-
et-al.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1tUMb6Gk10kZCsvoAo0PH6&opi=89978449>):
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<<54. Recent generative AI systems designed to recognize input text
and generate
output text are built on “large language models” or “LLMs.”
55. LLMs use predictive algorithms that are designed to detect
statistical patterns in
the text datasets on which they are “trained” and, on the basis of
these patterns, generate
responses to user prompts. “Training” an LLM refers to the process by
which the parameters that
define an LLM’s behavior are adjusted through the LLM’s ingestion and
analysis of large
“training” datasets.
56. Once “trained,” the LLM analyzes the relationships among words in
an input
prompt and generates a response that is an approximation of similar
relationships among words
in the LLM’s “training” data. In this way, LLMs can be capable of
generating sentences,
paragraphs, and even complete texts, from cover letters to novels.
57. “Training” an LLM requires supplying the LLM with large amounts of
text for
the LLM to ingest—the more text, the better. That is, in part, the
large in large language model.
58. As the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has observed, LLM
“training” “almost
by definition involve[s] the reproduction of entire works or
substantial portions thereof.”4
59. “Training” in this context is therefore a technical-sounding
euphemism for
“copying and ingesting.”
60. The quality of the LLM (that is, its capacity to generate
human-seeming responses
to prompts) is dependent on the quality of the datasets used to “train” the
LLM.
...
61. Professionally authored, edited, and published books—such as those
authored by
Plaintiffs here—are an especially important source of LLM “training” data.
62. As one group of AI researchers (not affiliated with Defendants)
has observed,
“[b]ooks are a rich source of both fine-grained information, how a
character, an object or a scene
looks like, as well as high-level semantics, what someone is thinking,
feeling and how these
states evolve through a story.”5
63. In other words, books are the high-quality materials Defendants
want, need, and
have therefore outright pilfered to develop generative AI products
that produce high-quality
results: text that appears to have been written by a human writer.
64. This use is highly commercial.>>.
_______________
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e sono comunque confidenziali e ad uso esclusivo del destinatario
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a Voi, Vi preghiamo di tener presente che la divulgazione,
distribuzione o riproduzione di qualunque informazione contenuta nella
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Se avete ricevuto la presente comunicazione per errore, Vi preghiamo di
volerci avvertire immediatamente e di distruggere quanto ricevuto senza
leggerlo. Grazie per la collaborazione.
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The information contained in this email and any documents attached to
it may be legally privileged and confidential. The information is
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you are not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any
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-----Messaggio originale-----
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Da: nexa <nexa-bounces@server-nexa.polito.it <mailto:nexa-bounces@server-nexa.polito.it> > Per conto di Rossana
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Morriello
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Inviato: venerdì 29 settembre 2023 16:08
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A: Nexa <nexa@server-nexa.polito.it <mailto:nexa@server-nexa.polito.it> >
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Oggetto: [nexa] R: ‘Biggest act of copyright theft in history’:
thousands of
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Australian books allegedly used to train AI model | Australia news |
The
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Guardian
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Non sono una giurista ma credo che questa rassegna possa essere utile
alla
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discussione
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https://www.thefashionlaw.com/from-chatgpt-to-deepfake-creating- <https://www.thefashionlaw.com/from-chatgpt-to-deepfake-creating-apps->
apps-
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a-<https://www.thefashionlaw.com/from-chatgpt-to-deepfake-creating-
ap
ps-a-running-list-of-key-ai-lawsuits/>
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running-list-of-key-ai-lawsuits/
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Saluti
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Rossana Morriello
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-----Messaggio originale-----
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Da: nexa
<nexa-bounces@server-nexa.polito.it<mailto:nexa-bounces@server-
nexa.p
olito.it>>
Per conto di Stefano
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Quintarelli
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Inviato: venerdì 29 settembre 2023 15:21
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Cc: Nexa
<nexa@server-nexa.polito.it<mailto:nexa@server-nexa.polito.it <mailto:nexa@server-nexa.polito.it<mailto:nexa@server-nexa.polito.it> >>
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Oggetto: Re: [nexa] ‘Biggest act of copyright theft in history’:
thousands of
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Australian books allegedly used to train AI model | Australia news |
The
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Guardian
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Ho una domanda per i giuristi (anzi, piu' di una)
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per allenare un modello, ho bisogno di un file con la versione
digitale di un
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testo.
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(cosnsidero ovviamente testi non PD, CC0, ecc.)
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la versione digitale di un testo la posso ottenere da un ebook (gia'
digitale),
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togliendo il probabile DRM.
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ma un ebook non e' unbene ma e' un servizio soggetto a licenza d'uso,
quindi
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se non e'
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prevista nella licenza d'uso la facolta' di estrarre il testo
digitale per allenarci un
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modello, mi sembra che ci sia gia' una violazione della licenza, per
cui, credo,
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non possa essere usato come base di un allenamento, tanto piu' se il
fine di
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tale allenamento e'
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commerciale (se vendo un servizio basato su quel modello).
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se e' cosi', per allenare il mio modello  devo allora prednere il
testo digitale
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facendo scan/ocr di un testo cartaceo.
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ma cio' e' possibile, se non erro, solo per uso personale e non commerciale.
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se questo e' corretto, non mi pare ci sia un modo per prendere un
testo digitale
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senza infrangere una licenza d'uso/copyright
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dove e' la fallacia del ragionamento ?
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grazie, s.
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On 29/09/23 15:00, Stefano Borroni Barale wrote:
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Buongiorno lista,
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> L'idea che istruire un modello su dei testi coperti da copyright
> sia
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> una violazione del suddetto copyright è altamente opinabile
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Fin qui, ho l'impressione che tutti i legali in lista concorderanno.
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> ragionamento è in realtà abbastanza semplice: se istruirsi su un
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> testo ne violasse il copyright, saremmo tutti dei criminali.
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Ma siccome noi siamo umani e quello che produciamo non è - salvo i
discorsi
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dei politici(*) - ontologicamente identico alla produzione di esseri
tecnici non
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viventi, logica vuole che quanto si applica a noi non possa
applicarsi a un LLM,
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tanto quanto la legge sul copyright non si applica pedissequamente
all'utilizzo
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di testi umani per creare modelli linguistici.
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Questo è il motivo per il quale tutti i tentativi di "proteggere
via copyright" il
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prodotto di software generativi sono falliti miseramente, e con
motivazioni
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scritte in sentenze; che per il diritto credo abbiano un peso assai
maggiore del
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sito di CC.
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La mia impressione è che la questione terrà impegnati legali,
informatici,
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filosofi e società ancora moooooolto a lungo.
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SBB
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(*) Come sanno bene i bambini degli anni '80 che hanno giocato con
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questo spassoso giocattolo:
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https://www.enricodalbosco.it/giochi/tubolario/<https://www.enricod
albosco.it/giochi/tubolario/>
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Di quei testi
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> non c'è fisicamente traccia all'interno dei modelli, non viene
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> copiato niente. I modelli sono un'opera trasformativa di quei
> testi,
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> non derivativa.
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>
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> Lo argomenta molto bene Creative Commons:
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>https://creativecommons.org/2023/02/17/fair-use-training-generativ
>e-a<https://creativecommons.org/2023/02/17/fair-use-training-gener
>ative-a>
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> i/
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>
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> Detto questo, cito le parole di un altro autore, Jeff Jarvis:
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>
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https://www.facebook.com/jeff.jarvis/posts/pfbid0LMFeqdTYoxnGHQAZ <https://www.facebook.com/jeff.jarvis/posts/pfbid0LMFeqdTYoxnGHQAZwp5<> 
wp5<
https://www.facebook.com/jeff.jarvis/posts/pfbid0LMFeqdTYoxnGHQAZ <https://www.facebook.com/jeff.jarvis/posts/pfbid0LMFeqdTYoxnGHQAZwp5H> 
wp5H
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H
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> MmeeVqgMSjL2dkcwMcBojkb2cinBpgYTHyc7Fhq1B9NPl
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>
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> «I, for one, am not complaining about my books being in in large
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> language model training sets. I write to enter ideas into public
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> discourse. I prefer informed over ignorant AI. I believe it is
> fair
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> use for anyone to read & use books for transformative work. In
> fact,
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> I'd probably feel snubbed if my books were not there. I'm happy
> when
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> they are in libraries. I'm fine that they're here.»
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>
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> Fabio
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>
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> Il giorno ven 29 set 2023 alle ore 07:52 Alberto Cammozzo via
> nexa
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>nexa@server-nexa.polito.it<mailto:nexa@server-nexa.polito.it>ha <mailto:nexa@server-nexa.polito.it<mailto:nexa@server-nexa.polito.it>ha> 
scritto:
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>
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>>https://www.theguardian.com/australia- <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/sep/28/australian> 
news/2023/sep/28/australian
>>-<https://www.theguardian.com/australia-
news/2023/sep/28/australi
>>an-bo>
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bo
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>> oks-training-ai-books3-stolen-pirated
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>>
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>> Thousands of books from some of Australia’s most celebrated
>> authors
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have potentially been caught up in what Booker prize-winning novelist
Richard
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Flanagan has called “the biggest act of copyright theft in history”.
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>>
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>> The works have allegedly been pirated by the US-based Books3
>> dataset
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and used to train generative AI for corporations such as Meta and
Bloomberg.
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>>
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>> Flanagan, who found 10 of his works, including the
>> multi-international
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award-winning 2013 novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North, on the
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Books3 dataset, told Guardian Australia he was deeply shocked by the
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discovery made several days ago.
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>>
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>> “I felt as if my soul had been strip mined and I was powerless to stop
it,”
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he said in a statement.
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>>
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>> “This is the biggest act of copyright theft in history.”
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>>
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>> AI could ‘turbo-charge fraud’ and be monopolised by tech
>> companies,
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>> Andrew Leigh warns
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>>
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>> The Australian Publishers Association confirmed to Guardian
>> Australia on
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Wednesday that as many as 18,000 fiction and nonfiction titles with
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Australian ISBNs (unique international standard book numbers)
appeared to
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be affected by the copyright infringement, although it is not yet
clear what
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proportion of these are Australian editions of internationally authored
books.
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>>
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>> “We’re still working through [the data] to work out the impact
>> in terms of
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Australian authors,” APA spokesperson Stuart Glover said.
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>>
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>> “This is a massive legal and ethical challenge for the
>> publishing industry
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and for authors globally.”
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>>
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>> A search tool published on Monday by US media platform The
>> Atlantic and
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uploaded by the US Authors Guild on Wednesday revealed the works of
Peter
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Carey, Helen Garner, Kate Grenville, Anna Funder, Christos Tsiolkas
and
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Thomas Keneally, as well as Flanagan and dozens of other high-profile
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Australian authors, were included in the pirated dataset containing
more than
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180,000 titles.
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>>
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>> On Thursday, the Australian Society of Authors issued a
>> statement saying
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it was “horrified” to learn that the works of Australian writers were
being used
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to train artificial intelligence without permission from the authors.
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>>
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>> ASA chief executive, Olivia Lanchester, described the Books3
>> dataset as
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piracy on an industrial scale.
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>>
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>> “Authors appropriately feel outraged,” Lanchester said. “The
>> fact is this
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technology relies upon books, journals, essays written by authors,
yet
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permission was not sought nor compensation granted.”
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>>
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>> Lanchester said the Australian literary industry, while not
>> objecting per se
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to emerging technologies such as AI, was deeply concerned about the
lack of
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transparency evident in the development and monetisation of AI by
global
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tech companies.
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>>
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>> “Turning a blind eye to the legitimate rights of copyright
>> owners threatens
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to diminish already precarious creative careers,” she said.
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>>
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>> “The enrichment of a few powerful companies is at the cost of
>> thousands
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of individual creators. This is not how a fair market functions.”
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>>
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>> Josephine Johnston, chief executive of Australia’s Copyright
>> Agency,
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described the Books3 development as “a free kick to big tech” at the
expense
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of Australia’s creative and cultural life.
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>>
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>> “We’re going to need greater transparency – how these tools have
>> been
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developed, trained, how they operate – before people can truly
understand
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what their legal rights might be,” she said.
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>>
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>> “We seem to be in this terrible position now where content
>> owners –
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remembering that the vast majority of them will be individual authors
– may
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actually have to take out court cases to enforce their rights.”
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>>
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>> Australian copyright law protects creators of original content
>> from data
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scraping.
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>>
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>> Litigation in the US against ChatGPT creator OpenAI over use of
>> allegedly
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pirated book datasets, Books1 and Books2 (which do not appear to be
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affiliated with Books3) has already commenced.
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>>
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>> In July, North American horror/fantasy writers Mona Awad (author
>> of
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Bunny) and Paul Tremblay (author of The Cabin at the End of the
World) filed a
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lawsuit in a San Francisco federal court, alleging ChatGPT unlawfully
digested
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their books as part of its AI training data.
...
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>>
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>> On 28 August, OpenAI filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit,
>> arguing that
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the authors “misconceive the scope of copyright, failing to take into
account
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the limitations and exceptions (including fair use) that properly
leave room for
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innovations like the large language models now at the forefront of
artificial
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intelligence”.
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>>
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>> On 19 September the Writers Guild and 17 of its members,
>> including
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bestselling novelists John Grisham, George RR Martin and Jodi
Picoult, filed a
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complaint in a New York district court against OpenAI, seeking
redress for
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“flagrant and harmful infringements” of guild members’ registered
copyrights.
...
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>>
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>> In a statement on its website, the guild says while it is aware
>> that
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companies such as Meta and Bloomberg have used the Books3 dataset to
...
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train their LLMs, it is not yet clear whether OpenAI is using Books3
to train its
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ChatGPT models GPT 3.5 or GPT 4.
...
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>>
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>> Democracies face ‘truth decay’ as AI blurs fact and fiction,
>> warns
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>> head of Australia’s military
...
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>>
...
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>> Guardian Australia has sought comment from OpenAI, which has yet
>> to
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officially respond to the guild’s complaint, and Meta.
...
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>>
...
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...
>> On 4 September, US technology magazine Wired reported that a
>> Danish
...
...
anti-piracy group called Rights Alliance had been told by Bloomberg
that the
...
...
company did not plan to train future versions of its BloombergGPT
using
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Books3.
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>>
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>> Bloomberg declined to respond to the Guardian’s queries.
...
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>>
...
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>> The APA said the global nature of the issue would present
>> significant
...
...
challenges in enforcement and prosecution, and has joined the authors’
...
...
society in calling for AI technologies to be regulated.
...
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>>
...
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>> Consultation closed last month for a Department of Industry,
>> Science and
...
...
Resources discussion paper on supporting responsible AI.
...
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>>
...
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>> A parliamentary inquiry is under way examining the use of
>> generative
...
...
artificial intelligence in the Australian education system.
...
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>>
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>> Flanagan said it was up to the Australian government to act to
>> protect
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Australia’s writers.
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>>
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>> “It has power and we do not,” he said.
...
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>>
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>> “If it cares for our culture it must now stand up and fight for it.”
...
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>>
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>> _______________________________________________
...
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>> nexa mailing list
...
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